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Study: Native fish declining in Lake Tahoe RENO, Nev. (UPI) -- U.S. researchers say native fish populations are declining in Lake Tahoe on the California/Nevada border while invasive species are on the rise. Scientists at the University of Nevada, Reno, say the lake's ecosystem is being affected by nutrient loading, algae growth, invasive species and habitat alterations. The near-shore area is of critical concern, researchers say, since it is heavily influenced by human disturbances and is the primary interface with the general public. It's also the area where fish spawn and develop into adulthood, a university release reported Tuesday. "The numbers are alarming, and likely caused by multiple stressors in the near-shore zone," researcher Sudeep Chandra said of the decline in the lake's native fish species. The study found 58 percent of the 26 historically sampled locations surveyed around the lake showed a decline of species or no native species at all, Chandra said. By the end of the 1990s non-native largemouth bass and bluegill, both illegally introduced into the lake, were common, Chandra said, while native redside shiner and speckled dace populations declined or were virtually eliminated at the south end of the lake, an important rearing ground for native fish. Copyright 2011 by United Press International |
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Study: Bones can give clue to weight RALEIGH, N.C. (UPI) -- The ability of forensic scientists to estimate the weight of an individual based on skeletal remains could get a boost from a new study, U.S. researchers say. Scientists at North Carolina State University say their research can give forensic experts valuable insight into what the shape of the femur can tell us about the weight of an individual, a university release reported Tuesday. "This research allows us to determine whether an individual was overweight based solely on the characteristics of a skeleton's femur, or thigh bone," Ann Ross, an associate professor of anthropology, said. While the study does not provide an individual's exact weight based on skeletal remains, researchers say, it did show that the heavier an individual was, the wider the shaft of that person's femur. The researchers say they believe the femur of an overweight person is more robust because it bears more weight, but also because overweight individuals move and walk differently to compensate for their greater mass. The study evaluated the femur bones of 121 white men, using the bones of white men exclusively to eliminate any variation that could be caused by race or gender. The study has been published in the Journal of Forensic Sciences. Copyright 2011 by United Press International |
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NASA 'wakes up' asteroid-bound probe PASADENA, Calif. (UPI) -- NASA says the instruments on its Dawn spacecraft, headed for a rendezvous with an asteroid, have been awakened after a six-month hibernation. The reactivation prepares the instruments for the May approach and July arrival at the asteroid Vesta, Dawn's first destination in the asteroid belt, a NASA release said Tuesday. "Last week, we gently 'woke up' Dawn's three science instruments, which typically spend most of their time sleeping during the 3 1/2-year journey to Vesta," said Robert Mase, Dawn project manager at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif. "This activity confirms that Dawn is on track for the first close examination of one of the last unexplored worlds of the inner solar system." The instruments being activated included a camera, a spectrometer, and a gamma ray and neutron detector to study the asteroid's composition. The camera will help navigate the spacecraft to its rendezvous with Vesta so that other instruments on board can begin analyzing and measuring the asteroid, NASA said. Copyright 2011 by United Press International |
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Researchers claim fuel cell breakthrough CLEVELAND (UPI) -- U.S. researchers say they've made a breakthrough in the development of low-cost hydrogen fuel cells that one day could power electric cars. Researchers at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland say catalysts made of carbon nanotubes dipped in a polymer solution can outperform traditional platinum catalysts in fuel cells at a fraction of the cost. The scientists say the new technology can remove one of the biggest roadblocks to widespread cell use: the cost of the catalysts. Platinum, which represents at least a quarter of the cost of fuel cells, currently sells for about $30,000 per pound, while the activated carbon nanotubes cost about $45 per pound, a Case release said Tuesday. "This is a breakthrough," Liming Dai, a professor of chemical engineering and the research team leader, said. Soaking carbon nanotubes in a water solution of the polymer for a couple of hours coats the nanotube surface and pulls an electron partially from the carbon, creating a net positive charge, researchers said. When placed on the cathode of an alkaline fuel cell, the charged material acts as a catalyst for the oxygen-reduction reaction that produces electricity by electrochemically combining hydrogen and oxygen. In testing, the researchers' carbon catalyst fuel cell produced as much power as an identical cell using a platinum catalyst. Dai said he's confident his lab can increase the energy output of the new process. "We have not optimized the system yet," he said. One widely researched use for such cells would be to produce electricity to power an electric car, using hydrogen and oxygen from the air. The only emission from such a vehicle, researchers say, would be water. Copyright 2011 by United Press International |
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