Nature contents: 03 January 2013

Can't view this email? Click here to view in your browser.     Volume 493 Number 7430      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.                       BRING ARTICLE PDF'S TO LIFE WITH READCUBE Highlight and annotate articles, link to in-line citations and view supplementary information - all in one place. Save time. Be organised. Discover more. Get ReadCube now - it's free: www.readcube.com             Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Chemical Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   A vast, thin plane of corotating dwarf galaxies orbiting the Andromeda galaxy   A panoramic survey of the satellite galaxies around the Andromeda galaxy (M31), the Milky Way's cosmic sibling, shows that about half of them are to be found in an immensely wide yet very thin rotating structure. This is at odds with expectations from galaxy formation theory — and will take some explaining.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   Probabilistic cost estimates for climate change mitigation   This study uses an integrated modelling approach to calculate the mitigation costs of staying below a given global warming threshold, such as the much-discussed 2ºC. They find that political uncertainties are a dominant factor in determining the cost distribution and conclude that we would have to adopt a high-efficiency, low-energy-demand course well before 2020, as well as mitigation efforts, if the 2ºC objective were to be achieved.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   Ediacaran life on land   Ediacaran fossils — between 635 to 542 million years old — occur worldwide in sedimentary deposits that are generally interpreted as of shallow to deep marine origin. They have been regarded as early animal ancestors of the Cambrian evolutionary explosion of marine invertebrate phyla. Now a new interpretation of fossilized soils ('palaeosols') from South Australia suggests that at least some Ediacaran creatures lived on land.                   Nature Outlook: Ageing Research into the mechanisms of ageing is yielding insights, many of them diet-related, into how we might not only live longer but stay healthier as we do.  Access the Outlook free online for six months.  Produced with support from:  Nestlé Research Center                     News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top             THIS WEEK           Editorial                   In search of credit ▶     Explicit recognition of researchers' contributions to science is becoming more comprehensive. Not before time — especially as a means of crediting referees.             Safety catch ▶     International laboratory survey offers comfort — and caution.             World View                   Science must be seen to bridge the political divide ▶     Scientists in the United States are often perceived as a Democratic interest group. For science's sake this has to change, argues Daniel Sarewitz.             Seven Days                   Seven days: 3 January 2013 ▶     The week in science: Shootings set back polio vaccination in Pakistan; FDA approves first medicine for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis; and Italian Nobel laureate Rita Levi-Montalcini dies.           NEWS IN FOCUS           Safety survey reveals lab risks ▶     Questionnaire suggests researchers not as safe as they feel.             New year, new science ▶     Nature looks ahead to the key findings and events that may emerge in 2013.             Methane leaks erode green credentials of natural gas ▶     Losses of up to 9% show need for broader data on US gas industry's environmental impact.             US fiscal deal leaves science vulnerable ▶     Congress delays mandatory cuts to agencies.             Feature                   Infectious disease: TB's revenge ▶     The world is starting to win the war against tuberculosis, but drug-resistant forms pose a new threat.           COMMENT           Meteorology: Improve weather forecasts for the developing world ▶     Global prediction partnerships would cost little and reduce the regional carnage caused by floods, droughts and tropical cyclones, argues Peter J. Webster.             Scientific heritage: Science today, history tomorrow ▶     We must preserve the interactions of contemporary researchers for future scholars, urges Georgina Ferry.             Books and Arts                   Hot tickets for 2013 in science and art ▶     This is your year if you want to rub shoulders with canine cosmonaut Laika or astronomer Galileo Galilei; travel through time, oscillate, get lost in a fog sculpture or ponder extinction; or listen to sound projected through liquid nitrogen. Jascha Hoffman offers his top tips on science's cultural calendar.             Limits be damned ▶     Cyrus Mody applauds an examination of the twentieth-century scientists who dreamed of breaking the bounds.             The cosmological you ▶     Birger Schmitz weighs up an exploration of how the Universe permeates us.             Correspondence                   NIH funding: agency rebuts critique George Santangelo & David J. Lipman | NIH funding: it does support innovators Steven L. Salzberg | NIH funding: the critics respond John P. A. Ioannidis & Joshua M. Nicholson | Development goals: Science alone cannot shape sustainability Suraje Dessai, Stavros Afionis & James Van Alstine | Arnold Berliner: Prize marks German journal centenary Joan Robinson           Obituary                   Maxine Clarke (1954-2012) ▶     Publishing Executive Editor of Nature.                 Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Neuroscience: Memory and the single molecule ▶     Paul W. Frankland & Sheena A. Josselyn             PKM-ζ is not required for hippocampal synaptic plasticity, learning and memory ▶     Lenora J. Volk, Julia L. Bachman, Richard Johnson, Yilin Yu & Richard L. Huganir     It was proposed that protein kinase M-ζ (PKM-ζ) is a key factor in long-term potentiation (LTP) and memory maintenance on the basis of the disruption of LTP and memory by inhibitors of PKM-ζ; however, here mice that do not express PKM-ζ are shown to have normal LTP and memory, thus casting doubts on a critical role for PKM-ζ in these processes.             Prkcz null mice show normal learning and memory ▶     Anna M. Lee, Benjamin R. Kanter, Dan Wang, Jana P. Lim, Mimi E. Zou et al.     Genetically removing PKM-ζ in mice has no effect on memory, and despite absence of this kinase, the original peptide inhibitor of PKM-ζ still disrupts memory in these mutant mice; these data re-open the exploration for key molecules regulating maintenance of long-term plasticity processes.             Articles and Letters                   Genomic variation landscape of the human gut microbiome ▶     Siegfried Schloissnig, Manimozhiyan Arumugam, Shinichi Sunagawa, Makedonka Mitreva, Julien Tap et al.     A framework for metagenomic variation analysis to explore variation in the human microbiome is developed; the study describes SNPs, short indels and structural variants in 252 faecal metagenomes of 207 individuals from Europe and North America.             CCR5 is a receptor for Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin ED ▶     Francis Alonzo III, Lina Kozhaya, Stephen A. Rawlings, Tamara Reyes-Robles, Ashley L. DuMont et al.     A Staphylococcus aureus leukotoxin targets cells expressing the chemokine receptor CCR5, a mechanism for the specificity of leukotoxins towards different immune cells.             Structure of a presenilin family intramembrane aspartate protease ▶     Xiaochun Li, Shangyu Dang, Chuangye Yan, Xinqi Gong, Jiawei Wang et al.     Presenilin, the catalytic component of γ-secretase, cleaves amyloid precursor protein into short peptides that form the plaques that are found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease; here the structure of a presenilin homologue is described, which will serve as a framework for understanding the mechanisms of action of presenilin and γ-secretase.             Probabilistic cost estimates for climate change mitigation ▶     Joeri Rogelj, David L. McCollum, Andy Reisinger, Malte Meinshausen & Keywan Riahi     Modelling that integrates the effects of uncertainties in relevant geophysical, technological, social and political factors on the cost of keeping transient global temperature increase to below certain limits shows that political choices have the greatest effect on the cost distribution.             Ediacaran life on land ▶     Gregory J. Retallack     A new interpretation of fossilized soils (palaeosols) suggests that at least some Ediacaran (625–542 million years ago) organisms lived on land; thus these Ediacaran fossils were not animals, but a fungus-dominated terrestrial biota that predated vascular plants by about 100 million years.             Convergent acoustic field of view in echolocating bats ▶     Lasse Jakobsen, John M. Ratcliffe & Annemarie Surlykke     Studying six vespertilionid bat species of different sizes to investigate the reason why smaller bats have higher frequency echolocation calls, a model is put forward that the size/frequency range is modulated by the need to maintain a focused, highly directional echolocation beam.             Inhibition dominates sensory responses in the awake cortex ▶     Bilal Haider, Michael Häusser & Matteo Carandini     Visual responses during wakefulness are dominated by inhibition, and this inhibition shapes visual selectivity by restricting the temporal and spatial extent of neural activity.             Scaling of embryonic patterning based on phase-gradient encoding ▶     Volker M. Lauschke, Charisios D. Tsiairis, Paul François & Alexander Aulehla     An ex vivo primary culture assay is developed that recapitulates mouse embryonic mesodermal patterning and segment formation; using this approach, it is shown that oscillating gene activity is central to maintain stable proportions during development.             Restriction of intestinal stem cell expansion and the regenerative response by YAP ▶     Evan R. Barry, Teppei Morikawa, Brian L. Butler, Kriti Shrestha, Rosemarie de la Rosa et al.     YAP has previously been identified as an oncogene that promotes cell growth, but now it is shown to restrict stem cell expansion during regeneration in the mouse intestine, suggesting that it may function as a tumour suppressor in colon cancer.             Ca2+ regulates T-cell receptor activation by modulating the charge property of lipids ▶     Xiaoshan Shi, Yunchen Bi, Wei Yang, Xingdong Guo, Yan Jiang et al.     Calcium–lipid electrostatic interactions are shown to amplify the tyrosine phosphorylation of CD3ε and CD3ζ in T-cell antigen receptor complex.             Coordinated control of replication and transcription by a SAPK protects genomic integrity ▶     Alba Duch, Irene Felipe-Abrio, Sonia Barroso, Gilad Yaakov, María García-Rubio et al.     Upregulation of gene transcription in stressed cells can lead to clashes between the transcription and repair machineries; here, a stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK), Hog1, is shown to coordinate these two processes in yeast.             DNA-repair scaffolds dampen checkpoint signalling by counteracting the adaptor Rad9 ▶     Patrice Y. Ohouo, Francisco M. Bastos de Oliveira, Yi Liu, Chu Jian Ma & Marcus B. Smolka     DNA damage or replication stress induces the activation of checkpoint kinases, pausing the cell cycle so that DNA repair can take place; checkpoint activation must be regulated to prevent the cell-cycle arrest from persisting after damage is repaired, and now the Slx4–Rtt107 complex is shown to regulate checkpoint kinase activity by directly monitoring DNA-damage signalling.             News & Views                   Palaeontology: Fossils come in to land ▶     Shuhai Xiao & L. Paul Knauth             Developmental biology: Segmentation within scale ▶     Naama Barkai & Ben-Zion Shilo             50 & 100 Years Ago ▶             Structural biology: Membrane enzyme cuts a fine figure ▶     Michael S. Wolfe             Climate change: All in the timing ▶     Steve Hatfield-Dodds             Microbiology: Break down the walls ▶     Richard A. Dixon             Neuroscience: Memory and the single molecule ▶     Paul W. Frankland & Sheena A. Josselyn             Corrigendum                   Corrigendum: How cancer metabolism is tuned for proliferation and vulnerable to disruption ▶     Almut Schulze & Adrian L. Harris           NEWS & COMMENT           New year, new science | Infectious disease: TB's revenge | Scientific heritage: Science today, history tomorrow | Hot tickets for 2013 in science and art | The cosmological you | NIH funding: agency rebuts critique George Santangelo & David J. Lipman | NIH funding: it does support innovators Steven L. Salzberg | NIH funding: the critics respond John P. A. Ioannidis & Joshua M. Nicholson             More Biological Sciences ▶                         Do you want to save money on your lab costs? Receive exclusive discounts from top suppliers of lab products and keep up-to-date with the latest product information as published in Nature and Nature Methods. Nature.com marketplace is the new product focused website brought to you by Nature Publishing Group. Visit nature.com/marketplace               Chemical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Structure of a presenilin family intramembrane aspartate protease ▶     Xiaochun Li, Shangyu Dang, Chuangye Yan, Xinqi Gong, Jiawei Wang et al.     Presenilin, the catalytic component of γ-secretase, cleaves amyloid precursor protein into short peptides that form the plaques that are found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease; here the structure of a presenilin homologue is described, which will serve as a framework for understanding the mechanisms of action of presenilin and γ-secretase.             The oxidation state of the mantle and the extraction of carbon from Earth’s interior ▶     Vincenzo Stagno, Dickson O. Ojwang, Catherine A. McCammon & Daniel J. Frost     The oxygen fugacity of the deepest rock samples from Earth’s mantle is found to be more oxidized than previously thought, with the result that carbon in the asthenospheric mantle will be hosted as graphite or diamond but will be oxidized to produce carbonate melt through the reduction of Fe3+ in silicate minerals during upwelling.             DNA-repair scaffolds dampen checkpoint signalling by counteracting the adaptor Rad9 ▶     Patrice Y. Ohouo, Francisco M. Bastos de Oliveira, Yi Liu, Chu Jian Ma & Marcus B. Smolka     DNA damage or replication stress induces the activation of checkpoint kinases, pausing the cell cycle so that DNA repair can take place; checkpoint activation must be regulated to prevent the cell-cycle arrest from persisting after damage is repaired, and now the Slx4–Rtt107 complex is shown to regulate checkpoint kinase activity by directly monitoring DNA-damage signalling.             News & Views                   Computational materials science: Soft heaps and clumpy crystals ▶     Francesco Sciortino & Emanuela Zaccarelli             Structural biology: Membrane enzyme cuts a fine figure ▶     Michael S. Wolfe           NEWS & COMMENT           Safety catch | Safety survey reveals lab risks             More Chemical Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Pulsed accretion in a variable protostar ▶     James Muzerolle, Elise Furlan, Kevin Flaherty, Zoltan Balog & Robert Gutermuth     The infrared luminosity of a young protostar (about 105 years old) is found to increase by a factor of ten in roughly one week every 25.34 days; this is attributed to pulsed accretion associated with an unseen binary companion.             Flows of gas through a protoplanetary gap ▶     Simon Casassus, Gerrit van der Plas, Sebastian Perez M, William R. F. Dent, Ed Fomalont et al.     Observations of the young star HD 142527, whose disk is separated into inner and outer regions by a gap suggestive of the formation of a gaseous giant planet, show that accretion onto the star is maintained by a flow of gas across the gap, in agreement with dynamical models of planet formation.             Articles and Letters                   Non-Fermi-liquid d-wave metal phase of strongly interacting electrons ▶     Hong-Chen Jiang, Matthew S. Block, Ryan V. Mishmash, James R. Garrison, D. N. Sheng et al.     An explicit theoretical construction of a metallic non-Fermi liquid ground state opens a route to attack long-standing problems such as the ‘strange metal’ phase of high-temperature superconductors.             Structure of a presenilin family intramembrane aspartate protease ▶     Xiaochun Li, Shangyu Dang, Chuangye Yan, Xinqi Gong, Jiawei Wang et al.     Presenilin, the catalytic component of γ-secretase, cleaves amyloid precursor protein into short peptides that form the plaques that are found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease; here the structure of a presenilin homologue is described, which will serve as a framework for understanding the mechanisms of action of presenilin and γ-secretase.             A vast, thin plane of corotating dwarf galaxies orbiting the Andromeda galaxy ▶     Rodrigo A. Ibata, Geraint F. Lewis, Anthony R. Conn, Michael J. Irwin, Alan W. McConnachie et al.     About half of the satellites in the Andromeda galaxy (M 31), all with the same sense of rotation about their host, form a planar subgroup that is extremely wide but also very thin.             Giant magnetized outflows from the centre of the Milky Way ▶     Ettore Carretti, Roland M. Crocker, Lister Staveley-Smith, Marijke Haverkorn, Cormac Purcell et al.     Two giant, linearly polarized radio lobes have been found emanating from the Galactic Centre, and are thought to originate in a biconical, star-formation-driven outflow from the Galaxy’s central 200 parsecs that transports a huge amount of magnetic energy, about 1055 ergs, into the Galactic halo             Optical-field-induced current in dielectrics ▶     Agustin Schiffrin, Tim Paasch-Colberg, Nicholas Karpowicz, Vadym Apalkov, Daniel Gerster et al.     Exposing a fused silica sample to a strong, waveform-controlled, few-cycle optical field increases the dielectric’s optical conductivity by more than 18 orders of magnitude in less than 1 femtosecond, allowing electric currents to be driven, directed and switched by the instantaneous light field.             Controlling dielectrics with the electric field of light ▶     Martin Schultze, Elisabeth M. Bothschafter, Annkatrin Sommer, Simon Holzner, Wolfgang Schweinberger et al.     The ultrafast reversibility of changes to the electronic structure and electric polarizability of a dielectric with the electric field of a laser pulse, demonstrated here, offers the potential for petahertz-bandwidth optical signal manipulation.             The oxidation state of the mantle and the extraction of carbon from Earth’s interior ▶     Vincenzo Stagno, Dickson O. Ojwang, Catherine A. McCammon & Daniel J. Frost     The oxygen fugacity of the deepest rock samples from Earth’s mantle is found to be more oxidized than previously thought, with the result that carbon in the asthenospheric mantle will be hosted as graphite or diamond but will be oxidized to produce carbonate melt through the reduction of Fe3+ in silicate minerals during upwelling.             News & Views                   Computational materials science: Soft heaps and clumpy crystals ▶     Francesco Sciortino & Emanuela Zaccarelli             Astronomy: Andromeda's extended disk of dwarfs ▶     R. Brent Tully             Structural biology: Membrane enzyme cuts a fine figure ▶     Michael S. Wolfe           NEWS & COMMENT           Safety catch | Safety survey reveals lab risks | New year, new science | Hot tickets for 2013 in science and art | Limits be damned | The cosmological you             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Probabilistic cost estimates for climate change mitigation ▶     Joeri Rogelj, David L. McCollum, Andy Reisinger, Malte Meinshausen & Keywan Riahi     Modelling that integrates the effects of uncertainties in relevant geophysical, technological, social and political factors on the cost of keeping transient global temperature increase to below certain limits shows that political choices have the greatest effect on the cost distribution.             The oxidation state of the mantle and the extraction of carbon from Earth’s interior ▶     Vincenzo Stagno, Dickson O. Ojwang, Catherine A. McCammon & Daniel J. Frost     The oxygen fugacity of the deepest rock samples from Earth’s mantle is found to be more oxidized than previously thought, with the result that carbon in the asthenospheric mantle will be hosted as graphite or diamond but will be oxidized to produce carbonate melt through the reduction of Fe3+ in silicate minerals during upwelling.             Ediacaran life on land ▶     Gregory J. Retallack     A new interpretation of fossilized soils (palaeosols) suggests that at least some Ediacaran (625–542 million years ago) organisms lived on land; thus these Ediacaran fossils were not animals, but a fungus-dominated terrestrial biota that predated vascular plants by about 100 million years.             News & Views                   Palaeontology: Fossils come in to land ▶     Shuhai Xiao & L. Paul Knauth             Climate change: All in the timing ▶     Steve Hatfield-Dodds           NEWS & COMMENT           Methane leaks erode green credentials of natural gas | Meteorology: Improve weather forecasts for the developing world | The cosmological you | Development goals: Science alone cannot shape sustainability Suraje Dessai, Stavros Afionis & James Van Alstine             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                     Careers & Jobs ▲top               Leadership hurdles ▶     Asian researchers and engineers are too rarely made US science leaders, say Lilian Gomory Wu and Wei Jing                   Turning point: Sarah Blackford ▶     A biologist turned careers adviser writes a book offering pointers to scientists.                   Careers related news & comment                   In search of credit | Safety catch | Safety survey reveals lab risks | Scientific heritage: Science today, history tomorrow | NIH funding: agency rebuts critique George Santangelo & David J. Lipman | NIH funding: it does support innovators Steven L. Salzberg | NIH funding: the critics respond John P. A. Ioannidis & Joshua M. Nicholson             naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral Fellow     Weill Cornell Medical College            Lecturer     University of Southampton            Doctoral Fellowships     Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology            Research Scientist I     Geisinger Health System          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. 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