Nature Immunology Contents: April 2016 Volume 17 pp 345 - 469

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TABLE OF CONTENTS April 2016 Volume 17, Issue 4 Correspondence News and Views Research Highlights Review Perspective Articles Resources Corrigenda Errata Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement npj Vaccines is an online-only, open access, multidisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing cutting-edge research and development on human and veterinary vaccines. npj Vaccines is now open for submissions – explore the benefits of submitting your next manuscript to the journal.   Advertisement npj Regenerative Medicine is an online-only, open access journal dedicated to publishing the highest quality research on ways to help the human body repair, replace and regenerate damaged tissues and organs. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research.   Correspondence Top Subverting misconceptions about radiation therapy   p345 Silvia C Formenti, Sandra Demaria, Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff and William H McBride doi:10.1038/ni.3363 See also: Correspondence by Price et al. Reply to: "Subverting misconceptions about radiation therapy"   pp345 - 346 Jeremy G Price, Juliana Idoyaga and Miriam Merad doi:10.1038/ni.3376 See also: Correspondence by Formenti et al. News and Views Top ReGLUation of cGAS   pp347 - 349 Andrea Ablasser doi:10.1038/ni.3397 The detection of cytosolic DNA by the sensor cGAS triggers potent antiviral responses. New data now propose that cGAS is regulated on a post-translational level by glutamylation. See also: Article by Xia et al. Barrier regulation: tolerance stops at cell death   pp349 - 350 Johanna Pott, Kevin J Maloy and Ana Izcue doi:10.1038/ni.3418 The accumulation of intestinal Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg cells) in response to the microbiota is tightly regulated. Epithelial apoptosis inhibits the production of tolerogenic interferon-β by myeloid cells and thereby reduces the frequency of Treg cells and lowers the threshold for inflammatory responses. See also: Article by Nakahashi-Oda et al. Transcriptionally defining ILC heterogeneity in humans   pp351 - 352 Gregory F Sonnenberg doi:10.1038/ni.3413 Single-cell RNA sequencing of human innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) reveals conserved transcriptional programs and defines previously unappreciated heterogeneity. These findings pave the way for future investigation of the function and therapeutic potential of ILCs in human health and disease. See also: Resource by Björklund et al. Big impact of microRNAs on central B cell tolerance   pp353 - 354 Eric Meffre doi:10.1038/ni.3414 The silencing of autoreactive immature B cells is regulated by the binding of self antigens to B cell antigen receptors. New findings show that microRNAs control mechanisms of B cell tolerance. See also: Article by Gonzalez-Martin et al. Immunology JOBS of the week Postdoctoral Fellow - Cancer Biology / Immunology Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) Post Doctoral Scholar in Immunology: Mechanisms of Tolerance Induction Boston Children's Hospital; Harvard Medical School Post-doctoral fellow in Immunology at MGH and Harvard Medical School Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard MicroSurgeon Position in Transplant Immunology Cleveland Clinic Faculty Positions for Physician-Scientists in Immuno-Oncology Memorial Sloan-Kettering (MSK) More Science jobs from Immunology EVENT AAI Advanced Course in Immunology 31st July - 5th August 2016 Boston, USA More science events from Research Highlights Top Intestinal tuft cell function | Lymphocytes in Alzheimer's disease | The scorpion sting | HIV-1 trans-infection | Exercising NK cells | Fighting bacteria Review Top Innate cell communication kick-starts pathogen-specific immunity   pp356 - 363 Amariliz Rivera, Mark C Siracusa, George S Yap and William C Gause doi:10.1038/ni.3375 Control of infection depends on the efficient coordination of responses by various cell populations of the immune system. Gause and colleagues review the interactions between cells of the innate immune system and stroma that enable effective responses to invading pathogens. Perspective Top Emerging concepts of T cell metabolism as a target of immunotherapy   pp364 - 368 Chih-Hao Chang and Erika L Pearce doi:10.1038/ni.3415 In this Perspective, Chang and Pearce discuss recent progress in understanding how metabolic pathways control T cell function and how these pathways can be manipulated for therapeutic purposes. Advertisement Animation: Immunology of the rheumatoid joint This animation guides us through the immune pathways involved in rheumatoid arthritis, from the first signs of self-reactive immune cells to joint damage and other symptoms, and highlights opportunities for new treatments. Watch now.  Produced with support from: Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson     Articles Top Glutamylation of the DNA sensor cGAS regulates its binding and synthase activity in antiviral immunity   pp369 - 378 Pengyan Xia, Buqing Ye, Shuo Wang, Xiaoxiao Zhu, Ying Du et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3356 cGAS is an important sensor of cytosolic DNA, but the mechanisms that regulate it remain largely unknown. Fan and colleagues demonstrate that cGAS and its DNA-binding activities are negatively regulated by glutamylation. See also: News and Views by Ablasser Control of T cell antigen reactivity via programmed TCR downregulation   pp379 - 386 Alena M Gallegos, Huizhong Xiong, Ingrid M Leiner, Bože Sušac, Michael S Glickman et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3386 Van Heijst and colleagues show that CD4+ T cells are programmed to downregulate TCR expression at the peak of clonal expansion in proportion to the strength of initial antigen recognition. A hematopoietic cell-driven mechanism involving SLAMF6 receptor, SAP adaptors and SHP-1 phosphatase regulates NK cell education   pp387 - 396 Ning Wu, Ming-Chao Zhong, Romain Roncagalli, Luis-Alberto Pérez-Quintero, Huaijian Guo et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3369 Activation of NK cells by hematopoietic targets is controlled by the SLAM receptors and SAP adaptors. Veillette and colleagues show that SLAM-SAP pathways also control NK cell cytotoxicity against nonhematopoietic targets through SLAMF6 homotypic interactions and education. The kinase CK1ϵ controls the antiviral immune response by phosphorylating the signaling adaptor TRAF3   pp397 - 405 Yilong Zhou, Chenxi He, Dapeng Yan, Feng Liu, Haipeng Liu et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3395 Type I interferons suppress viral infection. Ge and colleagues show that the kinase CK1ϵ contributes to this innate immune response by phosphorylating the signaling adaptor TRAF3 to facilitate the expression of type I interferons. Broad defects in the energy metabolism of leukocytes underlie immunoparalysis in sepsis   pp406 - 413 Shih-Chin Cheng, Brendon P Scicluna, Rob J W Arts, Mark S Gresnigt, Ekta Lachmandas et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3398 Sepsis is poorly understood, largely untreatable and frequently fatal. Netea and colleagues assess both mouse sepsis and human sepsis to demonstrate that its late phase is characterized by immunoparalysis and broad metabolic alterations in cells of the immune system. Stromal cells control the epithelial residence of DCs and memory T cells by regulated activation of TGF-β   pp414 - 421 Javed Mohammed, Lalit K Beura, Aleh Bobr, Brian Astry, Brian Chicoine et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3396 The cytokine TGF-β maintains the residency of cells of the immune system in barrier tissues. Kaplan and colleagues demonstrate that specific integrins expressed by epithelial cells activate latent TGF-β and that this is critical to maintain residency of cells of the immune system in the skin and gut. A molecular threshold for effector CD8+ T cell differentiation controlled by transcription factors Blimp-1 and T-bet   pp422 - 432 Annie Xin, Frederick Masson, Yang Liao, Simon Preston, Tianxia Guan et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3410 Using genetic approaches and transcriptional profiling, Kallies and colleagues reveal a common program of effector CD8+ T cell differentiation that is regulated by the cooperation of IL-2 and IL-12 signaling and the combined activities of the transcriptional regulators Blimp-1 and T-bet. The microRNA miR-148a functions as a critical regulator of B cell tolerance and autoimmunity   pp433 - 440 Alicia Gonzalez-Martin, Brian D Adams, Maoyi Lai, Jovan Shepherd, Maria Salvador-Bernaldez et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3385 Immature self-reactive B cells undergo central tolerance as they emerge from the bone marrow. Xiao and colleagues show that B cell tolerance requires downregulation of the microRNA miR-148a, as aberrant expression of miR-148a increases survival of autoreactive B cells and contributes to autoimmunity. See also: News and Views by Meffre Apoptotic epithelial cells control the abundance of Treg cells at barrier surfaces   pp441 - 450 Chigusa Nakahashi-Oda, Kankanam Gamage Sanath Udayanga, Yoshiyuki Nakamura, Yuta Nakazawa, Naoya Totsuka et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3345 Epithelia continually undergo apoptosis, but the physiological importance of this is unclear. Shibuya and colleagues show that apoptotic epithelial cells bind the glycoprotein CD300a on a dendritic cell subset at barrier surfaces and this negatively regulates commensal-driven Treg cell proliferation. See also: News and Views by Pott et al. Resources Top The heterogeneity of human CD127+ innate lymphoid cells revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing   pp451 - 460 Åsa K Björklund, Marianne Forkel, Simone Picelli, Viktoria Konya, Jakob Theorell et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3368 Several populations of innate lymphoid cells have been identified by their cytokine and transcription factor expression. Mjösberg and colleagues report considerable heterogeneity within human tonsil innate lymphoid cell subpopulations, as revealed by single-cell RNA-sequencing profiling. See also: News and Views by Sonnenberg The cellular composition of the human immune system is shaped by age and cohabitation   pp461 - 468 Edward J Carr, James Dooley, Josselyn E Garcia-Perez, Vasiliki Lagou, James C Lee et al. doi:10.1038/ni.3371 Using a systems-biology approach, Liston and colleagues profile the immune system of 670 healthy volunteers to provide a description of the population-level heterogeneity in the cellular composition of the circulating immune system. Corrigenda Top Corrigendum: The burgeoning family of unconventional T cells   p469 Dale I Godfrey, Adam P Uldrich, James McCluskey, Jamie Rossjohn and D Branch Moody doi:10.1038/ni0416-469a Corrigendum: Adjuvanted influenza-H1N1 vaccination reveals lymphoid signatures of age-dependent early responses and of clinical adverse events   p469 Olga Sobolev, Elisa Binda, Sean O'Farrell, Anna Lorenc, Joel Pradines et al. doi:10.1038/ni0416-469b Errata Top Erratum: Group 3 innate lymphoid cells continuously require the transcription factor GATA-3 after commitment   p469 Chao Zhong, Kairong Cui, Christoph Wilhelm, Gangqing Hu, Kairui Mao et al. doi:10.1038/ni0416-469c Erratum: cGAS ramps up autoinflammatory disease   p469 Zoltan Fehervari doi:10.1038/ni0416-469d Erratum: Glutamylation of the DNA sensor cGAS regulates its binding and synthase activity in antiviral immunity   p469 Pengyan Xia, Buqing Ye, Shuo Wang, Xiaoxiao Zhu, Ying Du et al. doi:10.1038/ni0416-469e Top Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. 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