Nature Neuroscience Contents: October 2016 Volume 19 Number 10, pp 1269 - 1380

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Advertisement CALL FOR PAPERS The open access journal Bioelectronic Medicine (Editor-in-chief Kevin J. Tracey) is seeking original contributions combining topics such as molecular medicine, bioengineering, and neuroscience. Visit our editors at booth #3902 at SFN 2016, San Diego. http://bioelecmed.org/home TABLE OF CONTENTS October 2016 Volume 19, Issue 10 Obituary News and Views Perspectives Review Articles Advertisement Nikon's A1RMP+ multiphoton system is now available with a New Dual IR beam option. With dual IR beams, users can now simultaneously excite two different fluorophores such as GFP and mCherry. This capability enables ultra-fast two-color multiphoton imaging, ideal for dynamic specimens. To learn more, please visit www.nikoninstruments.com/a1rmp Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Working at Roche in Switzerland We're looking for committed scientists who share our passion to make a difference for millions of patients. Learn more   Advertisement Focus on the neuroscience toolbox Nature Neuroscience presents a special focus issue on the neuroscience toolbox highlighting recent technological advances, approaches and collaborative initiatives that are enabling new avenues of research.  Access the Focus free online for six months   Produced with support from: The Kavli Foundation      Advertisement The npj Science of Learning Community aims to be the place for sharing and discussing the latest insights into the science behind learning. A broader companion to the journal, npj Science of Learning, the target audience of the Community is primarily educators, policymakers and researchers. The Community will give educators, along with cross-disciplinary researchers in the emerging science of learning discipline the unique opportunity to interact directly and collaborate with others. Join the Community now to connect with experts in the science of learning field, and to keep up-to-date with the latest findings, videos, and interviews. SIGN UP   Obituary Top Roger Tsien 1952-2016   pp1269 - 1270 David Kleinfeld doi:10.1038/nn.4410 News and Views Top Life and death rest on a bivalent chromatin state   pp1271 - 1273 X William Yang doi:10.1038/nn.4396 Neurons require lifelong maintenance of their transcriptional program, which includes stable expression of cell-type-specific identity genes. A study now shows that PRC2-mediated chromatin repression in adulthood is critical for the maintenance of neuronal identity gene expression and neuronal survival. See also: Article by von Schimmelmann et al. The opposite lane: a path to memories?   pp1273 - 1274 Bo Li doi:10.1038/nn.4381 Sound information travels from auditory cortex to lateral amygdala, but a newly identified pathway runs in the opposite direction. It undergoes plasticity and is required for memory recall during auditory fear conditioning. See also: Article by Yang et al. Too bored to stay awake   pp1274 - 1276 Michael Happ and Michael M Halassa doi:10.1038/nn.4383 While the relationship between motivation and sleep is intuitive, its behavioral and neural features are poorly understood. A new study tackles both issues, showing that dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area mediate this relationship. See also: Article by Eban-Rothschild et al. A useful code for sequences   pp1276 - 1277 Nikolai Axmacher doi:10.1038/nn.4391 A neural code for sequences needs to allow the recruitment of plasticity mechanisms that link successive items. New results suggest that this is achieved by coupling gamma band activity to specific phases of theta oscillations. See also: Article by Heusser et al. Dorsal anterior cingulate: a Rorschach test for cognitive neuroscience   pp1278 - 1279 R Becket Ebitz and Benjamin Yost Hayden doi:10.1038/nn.4387 The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex is one of the most beguiling regions of the brain. Understanding its essential function has become a holy grail for many cognitive neuroscientists. With this scrutiny has come contention. In this issue, two teams of neuroscientists with different views argue for their favored interpretation of neural activity in this region. Here, we provide some background and context for this debate. See also: Perspective by Kolling et al. | Perspective by Shenhav et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Assistant Professor, Systems / Behavioral Neuroscience Dartmouth College Systems Neuroscience Faculty Position Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Postdoctoral Fellow in Neuroscience Yale University School of Medicine Open-rank Tenure-track position in neuroscience Creighton University School of Medicine Faculty-Neuroscience University of Chicago More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 2nd International Brain Stimulation Conference 05.03.17 Barcelona, Spain More science events from Perspectives Top Value, search, persistence and model updating in anterior cingulate cortex   pp1280 - 1285 Nils Kolling, Marco K Wittmann, Tim E J Behrens, Erie D Boorman, Rogier B Mars et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4382 A number of higher cognitive processes are linked to dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), yet its overall functions remain elusive. The authors discuss convergent findings suggesting it is part of a mechanism for tracking and evaluating reward environments in order to implement learning, search and goal-driven persistence. See also: Perspective by Shenhav et al. | News and Views by Ebitz & Hayden Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the value of control   pp1286 - 1291 Amitai Shenhav, Jonathan D Cohen and Matthew M Botvinick doi:10.1038/nn.4384 The authors propose that dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) performs a cost/benefit analysis to specify how best to allocate cognitive control. They describe why this theory accounts well for dACC’s role in decision-making, motivation and cognitive control, including its observed role in foraging choice settings. See also: Perspective by Kolling et al. | News and Views by Ebitz & Hayden Evolving insights into RNA modifications and their functional diversity in the brain   pp1292 - 1298 Sarah Nainar, Paul R Marshall, Christina R Tyler, Robert C Spitale and Timothy W Bredy doi:10.1038/nn.4378 The study of the mechanisms controlling RNA metabolism in neurons represents a new frontier in the understanding of gene-environment interactions and how they regulate brain function. In this Perspective, the authors describe the recent surge in newly identified epitranscriptomic processes and highlight their potential importance in coordinating the molecular underpinnings of cognition and memory. Review Top LTD-like molecular pathways in developmental synaptic pruning   pp1299 - 1310 Claire Piochon, Masanobu Kano and Christian Hansel doi:10.1038/nn.4389 Deficits in developmental synaptic pruning are frequently observed in autism. Here the authors demonstrate molecular pathways shared by pruning and long-term depression (LTD), a synaptic memory mechanism in adult brains that is dysregulated in autism. Thus, autism-related pruning deficits may result from the inability to weaken or disconnect inefficient synapses. Advertisement MagCapture™ Exosome Isolation Kit PS Wako is has developed an exosome isolation kit using a novel affinity molecule. High yield high purity exosomes can be isolated by PS affinity method. Exosomes can be recovered from culture media containing FBS.   Articles Top Active zone scaffolds differentially accumulate Unc13 isoforms to tune Ca2+ channel-vesicle coupling   pp1311 - 1320 Mathias A Böhme, Christina Beis, Suneel Reddy-Alla, Eric Reynolds, Malou M Mampell et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4364 Coupling distances between synaptic vesicles and Ca2+ channels determine the efficacy of neurotransmission. Bohme et al. find that presynaptic scaffold complexes spatiotemporally control Unc13 isoforms to establish two independent release pathways at subsynaptic active zones: Unc13B defines nascent, loosely coupled synapses whereas Unc13A facilitates release at mature synapses by tight coupling between Ca2+ channels and synaptic vesicles. Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) silences genes responsible for neurodegeneration   pp1321 - 1330 Melanie von Schimmelmann, Philip A Feinberg, Josefa M Sullivan, Stacy M Ku, Ana Badimon et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4360 Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a key mammalian epigenetic regulator that supports neuron specification during development. In this paper, the authors find that PRC2 plays a role in the survival of adult neurons. The loss of PRC2 activity in adult striatum led to the de-repression of multiple genes with bivalent histone methylation marks and to a fatal neurodegeneration phenotype. See also: News and Views by Yang Visceral motor neuron diversity delineates a cellular basis for nipple- and pilo-erection muscle control   pp1331 - 1340 Alessandro Furlan, Gioele La Manno, Moritz Lübke, Martin Häring, Hind Abdo et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4376 The sympathetic system maintains a physiological balance, adjusts bodily functions during daily living activities, and can activate stress responses. The authors identify a variety of unique sympathetic neuronal types and show that the system is highly organized with dedicated neurons organized into discrete outflow channels for specific bodily functions. Hypothalamic arcuate nucleus tyrosine hydroxylase neurons play orexigenic role in energy homeostasis   pp1341 - 1347 Xiaobing Zhang and Anthony N van den Pol doi:10.1038/nn.4372 The authors show that hypothalamic neurons that synthesize tyrosine hydroxylase regulate food intake and body weight. By a combination of dopamine and GABA release, these neurons modulate the activity of both pro-opiomelanocortin neurons and paraventricular nucleus neurons that also contribute to energy homeostasis. Selective synaptic remodeling of amygdalocortical connections associated with fear memory   pp1348 - 1355 Yang Yang, Dan-qian Liu, Wei Huang, Juan Deng, Yangang Sun et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4370 The authors uncovered a pathway from the lateral amygdala to the auditory cortex (ACx) of mice that is essential for auditory fear memory retrieval. Simultaneous imaging of pre- and postsynaptic structures in ACx in vivo revealed an increased rate of synapse formation in this pathway after auditory fear conditioning. See also: News and Views by Li VTA dopaminergic neurons regulate ethologically relevant sleep-wake behaviors   pp1356 - 1366 Ada Eban-Rothschild, Gideon Rothschild, William J Giardino, Jeff R Jones and Luis de Lecea doi:10.1038/nn.4377 Motivated behaviors are critically dependent upon arousal but little is known about the neuronal mechanisms that coordinate motivational processes with sleep-wake regulation. The authors demonstrate that VTA dopaminergic neurons, which are central regulators of motivational processes, bidirectionally regulate sleep-wake states and sleep-related nesting behavior. See also: News and Views by Happ & Halassa Representation of egomotion in rat's trident and E-row whisker cortices   pp1367 - 1373 Edith Chorev, Patricia Preston-Ferrer and Michael Brecht doi:10.1038/nn.4363 The authors find that the portion of rat somatosensory cortex representing the trident whiskers—a set of whiskers specialized for ground contact during exploration—encodes information about speed and acceleration of the animal. Microstimulation of this area alters running speed, consistent with the idea that trident whiskers and their neural representation could serve as a tactile speedometer. Episodic sequence memory is supported by a theta-gamma phase code   pp1374 - 1380 Andrew C Heusser, David Poeppel, Youssef Ezzyat and Lila Davachi doi:10.1038/nn.4374 A core aspect of human episodic memory is the ability to recall events in the order that they were experienced. The authors found that successful memory for order is related to the precise timing of high frequency brain activity with respect to slower underlying rhythms. See also: News and Views by Axmacher Advertisement Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article   Top Advertisement Open for Submissions  The first journal to bring together the findings of neuroscientists, psychologists, and education researchers to understand how the brain learns. The journal is now open for submissions. Explore the benefits of submitting your next paper to npj Science of Learning. Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. The digital version is available here. 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