Telescope spots clusters of galaxies

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Telescope spots clusters of galaxies ORSAY, France (UPI) -- Clusters captured by the European Space Agency's Planck space telescope could contain hundreds of galaxies and billions of stars, scientists said. The clusters of galaxies are gravitationally bound to each other and measure tens of millions of light-years across, the BBC reported. The clusters, seen from all directions, range out to about 4 billion light-years from Earth. "The clusters contain up to a hundred galaxies, and each galaxy has a billion stars," said Nabila Aghanim of the Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale in Orsay, France. Planck made the discoveries during its ongoing survey of the "oldest light" in the cosmos, scientists said. The clusters contain colossal quantities of visible matter -- stars, gas and dust -- and have larger quantities of invisible and unidentifiable "dark matter," scientists said. Many of the clusters seemed to be very disturbed-looking, indicating the Planck telescope caught the structures in the early stages of formation, Aghanim said. Planck will scan the sky until at least the end of 2011, then the Planck Scientific Consortium will analyze and assess data and its significance, the BBC said. A formal release of fully prepared images and scientific papers is not expected before January 2013. Copyright 2011 by United Press International
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Study: Moon water came from comets KNOXVILLE, Tenn. (UPI) -- The moon has had water throughout its history, some supplied externally, some internally, researchers from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville reported. While testing their theory that lunar water may have originated from comets crashing into the moon soon after it formed, Larry Taylor, a professor in the Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, and other researchers analyzed rocks brought back from the first Apollo mission, measuring "water signatures" that tell the water's possible origin, the university said Tuesday in a news release. The researchers discovered water on Earth and the moon came from different sources. "This discovery forces us to go back to square one on the whole formation of the Earth and moon," Taylor said. "Before our research, we thought the Earth and moon had the same volatiles after the 'giant impact,' just at greatly different quantities. Our work brings to light another component in the formation that we had not anticipated -- comets." Scientists believe the moon was formed by a giant impact of the still-forming Earth with a Mars-sized object that caused a great explosion, creating the moon. Taylor's research theorizes there was a great flux of comets, or "dirty icebergs," striking the Earth and moon systems. Since the moon was dry, it acquired much of its water supply from these comets. "The water we are looking at is internal," said Taylor. "It was put into the moon during its initial formation, where it existed like a melting pot in space, where cometary materials were added in at small yet significant amounts." The study is included in the online version of the scientific journal, Nature Geoscience. Copyright 2011 by United Press International
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Report: British seafood claims misleading LONDON (UPI) -- A British environmental group said several grocery stores are misleading consumers by posting confusing claims on products such as canned and farmed fish. A ClientEarth report said claims on supermarket seafood -- such as statements that the product is "sustainably sourced," "protects the marine environment" and "responsibly farmed" -- were misleading or unverified on 32 of the 100 products examined, the environmental law organization said. ClientEarth says 22 of the claims were misleading based on information provided by retailers about the source of the product. For the remaining 10 claims, no information was provided to ClientEarth for verification. "It would be shocking to find out that the free-range chicken you bought was actually battery farmed. Discovering the fish you're eating, which is labeled as responsible or environmentally friendly, actually led to the deaths of threatened species also leaves a bad taste in the mouth," ClientEarth Chief Executive Officer James Thornton said. ClientEarth is calling for better regulation of fish labeling, Thornton said. Standards must be introduced throughout the European Union for environmental claims about fish products similar to those for the use of the word "organic." The organization also recommended that the British Advertising Standards Authority extends its responsibility to include packaging, labels and published advertisements. Copyright 2011 by United Press International
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Study: Pandas need two forests SAN DIEGO (UPI) -- Giant pandas need old-growth forests as much as they need bamboo forests, a study by the San Diego Zoo in collaboration with other organizations concluded. Because pandas are associated with old-growth and bamboo forests, species conservation means conservation of the two forest types, Ron Swaisgood, one of the study's authors and a panda researcher with the zoo, said Tuesday in a release. "In this study we show that pandas are associated with old-growth forests more than with any ecological variable other than bamboo," Swaisgood said. "This finding indicates that in order to conserve this species, we need to conserve both bamboo and old-growth forests." The study, conducted from 1999 through 2003 by scientists from the Chinese Academy of Science, San Diego Zoo Global, China West Normal University, China Wildlife Conservation Association and the Sichuan Forestry Department, could assist conservationists in creating strategic plans that help conserve this critically endangered bear species, Swaisgood said. The study included data collected from the panda's habitat in the Sichuan province of China, a key to the study thoroughness, researchers said. Giant pandas rely almost exclusively on a herbivorous diet consisting largely of bamboo. "But maps and measures of habitat suitability are only as good as the underlying biological assumptions, which are sometimes influenced by the scale over which data are obtained, " the study said. "Modelers of panda habitat have not ignored the available ecological data but have been forced to rely on data collected over limited temporal and spatial scales." Copyright 2011 by United Press International
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