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2012/06/13

Neatorama

Neatorama


Disney’s Folly: Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 05:00 AM PDT

Neatorama presents a guest post from actor, comedian, and voiceover artist Eddie Deezen. Visit Eddie at his website.

Although now it is extremely commonplace, in the year 1937, no one had ever tried to make a feature-length animated movie in America. So when Walt Disney, later the most successful and popular animation director in the world, came forth with his idea to do a feature=length version of the fairy tale Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the idea was quickly dubbed “Disney’s Folly.”

Remember, this was 1937, and it was a very different America. Forced sterilizations were still accepted for people with any kind of abnormality, those deemed “unfit” to bear children. The movies Freaks (1932) and The Terror of Tiny Town (1938), both with real-life dwarfs in starring roles, had both died at the box office. Even Walt’s wife Lillian had warned him, “No one will pay to see a dwarf picture.”

The most recent animated feature had been made over a decade earlier in Germany, The Adventures of Prince Achmed (1926), and it was a massive flop. And as wild as it sounds to us today, there were actually schools of thought that it would “damage people’s eyes” if they subjected them to viewing a full-length animated film.

Some say “times make the man” and some say “man makes the times.” In the case of Walt Disney and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, it was definitely the latter. Disney first got the idea to do a Snow White film when he was 15, while he was working as a newsboy in Kansas City. It was there he saw a major production of a silent movie version of the classic fairy tale starring Marguerite Clark. The idea had never left the recesses of Walt’s mind and so, not heeding the warnings and the precedents, he proceeded with his “sure to fail” adventure.


(YouTube link)

And to be fair, he did seem to be in a bit over his head. The budget for the film eventually grew to over $2 million -an astronomical figure for the time. To put this in perspective, Snow White had gone 400% over budget. It actually ended up costing more than the value of the entire Walt Disney studio. And Disney had never made a feature film of any kind before. Also, this was to be the first-ever animated feature film in color.

One of the biggest differences between Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and current animated features is the lack of billing. For the record, Snow White was voiced by Adriana Caselotti, Prince Charming was Harry Stockwell, and the Wicked Queen voice was dubbed by Lucille La Verne.

There were originally 50 different names in the mix for the names of the seven dwarfs, including the rejected Biggy-Wiggy, Blabby, Deefy, Dirty, Gabby, Gaspy, Blabby, Hoppy-Jumpy, Hotsy, Nifty, and Shifty. And let’s not forget Awful (“He steals and drinks, and he’s very dirty”). The seven finally chosen were, of course, Doc, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy, Grumpy, Happy, and everybody’s favorite, Dopey. Sneezy was a last-minute replacement for Deefy.

Doc was the next-to-last dwarf selected and Dopey was originally a talking dwarf and the great Mel Blanc was considered to do the voice. But no one could get the voice quite right, and it was decided to make Dopey go mute. Dopey’s character was reputedly based on Harpo Marx, the silent member of the Marx Brothers.

Some of the animators were against the use of the name Dopey because it was a contemporary term used in a classic fairy tale. Disney assured then that William Shakespeare had used the term in several of his works. Although this placated the animators, no one, to this day, has ever found the term “dopey” in any of the bard’s writings.

Pinto Colvin, who did the voice of Disney’s Goofy, was to voice two dwarfs: Sleepy and Grumpy. The Prince was originally supposed to be a much bigger part, but the Disney animators had a hard time drawing him.

The crew of Snow White was massive, especially for the times. It included 32 animators, 107 assistants, 20 layout artists, 65 effects animators, and 158 female inkers and painters. Two million illustrations were made, using 1,500 shades of paint.

To give Snow White a more natural look, some of he ink and paint ladies started applying their own rouge to her cheeks. Walt asked them how they would ever apply it correctly to each cel. One of the ladies replied, “What do you think we’ve been doing all our lives?”

As if Walt didn’t have enough worries, the word was that the Wicked Witch and the Enchanted Forest would both be “too frightening” for younger audiences. The movie was actually supposed to begin with scenes of Snow White’s mother; these were cut to avoid the wrath of the censors.

With Walt Disney and the Disney studio employees all holding their collective breath, and the show business community getting ready to laugh at their “Armageddon,” Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered just before Christmas in 1937 and went into nationwide release on February 4, 1938.


(YouTube link)

Nowadays, a film is usually considered successful if it makes over $1oo million. Unbelievably, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was to sell 109 million tickets. That’s 109 million tickets at 1938 prices (around a dime or 15 cents a ticket). To put this in perspective, allowing for modern ticket prices, it sold better than Avatar, Titanic, The Dark Knight, or any Star Wars film.

And, like all classic movies, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, to use the show biz term, “has legs.” The movie was re-released in 1944, 1952, 1958, 1967, 1975, 1983, 1987, and 1993. It turned a healthy profit every time. In 1993, in its last re-release, the 56-year-old film opened in the top five films of the week.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs hit the DVD market on October 5, 2001. On the first day, more than a million copies were sold. The film broke all records upon its original release and became the highest-grossing movie of all time -to that point. This record was to stand for exactly one year, and was then broken by Gone With The Wind.

The current Disney Studios facility in Burbank, California, was built from the profits of Snow White. Snow White was actually the first film ever to have a soundtrack album released for it. It was also one of the first films to have original merchandise released for it. The film’s incredible “ripple effect” was to pave the way for 1939′s classic fantasy film The Wizard of Oz.

As a bit of movie trivia, the line “Wherefore art thou, Romeo?” sung in the song “If I Only Had a Brain” in The Wizard of Oz is voiced by Snow White herself, Adriana Caselotti.

At the 1938 Academy Awards ceremony, Walt Disney was awarded eight “special Oscars” for his beloved film, one regular-sized Oscar statuette and and seven mini-statuettes.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the first of many Disney films to open at Radio City Music Hall in New York City. At the end of the film’s initial engagement there, all the red velvet seat upholstery had to be replaced. The young children in the audience were so frightened of the scene of Snow White lost in the forest, they wet their pants and consequently the seats, each and every showing of the film.

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was voted #1 on the American Film Institute’s list of the Ten Greatest Animated Films of all time in 2008.

 

Hilarious Geek Mashup Art By Evgeny Yakovlev

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 04:29 AM PDT

Evgeny Yakovlev is an illustrator from Karaganda, Kazahkstan who specializes in ridiculous acts of geek mashupery.

That’s clearly not a real word, but sometimes it takes a little creative vocabulary to describe geek art this awesome.

Take a gander at Boba Fett collecting a bounty on the nefarious Road Runner, Edward Scissorhands discussing family with Wolverine, and twelve more epic works of geekus maximus mashupalus.

Okay, I’ve clearly taken this stupid word creation thing a bit too far!

Link  –via Gamma Squad

Naked Mole Rats: Supermodels of the Underground

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 04:00 AM PDT

Immune to acids, toxins and heavy metals. Doesn't feel pain. Never gets cancer. Stays young forever. Lives 9 times longer than your peer. Oh, and naked all the time.

No wonder the naked mole rats is considered the "underground supermodel" by The Scientist magazine.

Naked mole-rats, unlike other mammals, tolerate variable body temperatures, attributed to their lack of an insulatory layer of fur. Their pink skin is hairless except for sparse, whisker-like strands that crisscross the body to form a sensitive sensory array that helps them navigate in the dark. Both the naked mole-rat’s skin and its upper respiratory tract are completely insensitive to chemical irritants such as acids and capsaicin, the spicy ingredient in chili peppers. Most surprisingly, they can survive periods of oxygen deprivation that would cause irreversible brain damage in other mammals, and they are also resistant to a broad spectrum of other stressors, such as the plant toxins and heavy metals found in the soils in which they live. Unlike other mammals, they never get cancer, and this maintenance of genomic integrity, even as elderly mole-rats, most likely contributes to their extraordinarily long life span. In contrast to similar-size mice that only live 2–4 years, naked mole-rats can survive and thrive, maintaining normal function and reproduction, into their 30s.

Link (Photo: Meghan Murphy/Smithsonian's National Zoo/Flickr)

 

This Retro McDonald’s Review Video Is Very YouTube-esque

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 03:31 AM PDT

(YouTube Link)

The little guy in this video is Weird Paul P, and every video logger ever owes him lots of money and a “concept by” end credit.

Okay, maybe that’s asking a bit much, but Paul was definitely on to something with his video review of the McDonald’s breakfast platter, which he filmed waaaay back in 1984, and probably would have single-handedly invented YouTube if he knew how.

You may be asking yourself – who was Paul making his video review of McDonald’s breakfast foods for? The world may never know…

–via Gizmodo 

Amazing Art Painted on Cardboard

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 03:05 AM PDT

Zoom in on this cardboard artwork by Evol and it will look just like a real apartment building, but it’s nothing but paint.

Link

Digital Paintings of Dorothee Golz

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 03:00 AM PDT

Vienna-based artist and photographer Dorothee Golz "updated" Vermeer's masterpiece Girl With a Pearl Earring with a little bit of digital magic.

Check out the rest of her "digital paintings," where she puts faces from paintings from the Old Masters, into a much more modern setting, over at Laughing Squid: Link

King Kong Themed Furniture For Home Theater

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 02:30 AM PDT

Looking for a home theater experience that will make your guests go ape?

Then check out this King Kong inspired home theater setup by Tom Spina designs, which comes complete with faux wood and stone front, giant ape hands gripping each chair, and Kong himself peeking over the top of the TV cabinet.

The furniture is sure to make watching old horror movies a much more terrifying experience, and gives your home that all important theme park vibe. It puts the fun in funky monkey!

Link  –via Super Punch

Weapon of Mass Urination and Testicle-Biting Dogs Await Hooligans in Poland

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 02:00 AM PDT

Dear Hooligans,

Don't even think of rioting here. We've got sonic weapons that make you pee and testicle-biting dogs.

Love,
Poland's anti-hooligan squads

10 Weird Fairy Tale Plot Pieces That Are Usually Left Out

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 01:56 AM PDT

You’ve all seen the Disney versions of these classic fairy tales, but the company took a few liberties with the stories so they wouldn’t be so gruesome. For example, in Cinderella:

We all know that Cinderella’s nasty relations try to hoodwink the prince by cramming their feet into the glass slipper. What you may not remember is that these two hellcats chopped off their toes and heels to win his affections. Also, the prince wouldn’t have noticed the blood gushing from the slipper if a duo of chatty pigeons hadn’t informed him otherwise.

Nothing says romance like a shoe filled with the blood of your evil step-sisters.

Link

Portal: Terminal Velocity

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 01:00 AM PDT

Jason Craft of Craftvfx got himself a portal gun and decided to test it out with a few buddies. Check out what he could do with a little 3D tracking and 3D camera projection: Hit play or go to Link [YouTube]

 

Ninja Kitty Is Ready to Climb

Posted: 13 Jun 2012 12:54 AM PDT

(Video Link)

We’ve seen plenty of ninja cats before, but this one is seriously amazing in his stealth skills.

Via I Can Has Cheezburger

Alice Cooper Covers Lady Gaga

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 11:00 PM PDT


(YouTube link)

You haven’t lived until you’ve heard Alice Cooper perform Lady Gaga’s “Born This Way” at Bonnaroo. -via The Week

Clark&Kent Phone Booth Cards

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 10:00 PM PDT

When you advertise your ad agency, it must be perfect. When your agency’s so small that it is headquartered in a phone booth in New York, you want people to remember it. Clark&Kent made their location memorable by creating business cards that fold out into the shape of a phone booth. Clever? Ha! Why isn’t there a spectacled journalist changing clothes inside? After all, that would make me remember Clark&Kent! Link -via Laughing Squid

Hovercat

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 09:00 PM PDT


(YouTube link)

George is an awesome Hovercat in the new ads for the ASPCA. Get yourself an awesome cat during their Adopt a Shelter Cat Month. Link  -via Buzzfeed

Student Caught with 35 ft-long Cheat Sheet

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 08:00 PM PDT

There's cheating, and then there's this Borat-style stunt from a student in Kazakhstan:

A high school student has been expelled after being caught with a 35ft (11 metres) long crib sheet wrapped around his body during his university entrance exam in Kazakhstan. [...]

Under his shirt they found a chain of computer print-outs containing 25,000 potential answers to the exam's five topics of maths, history, Russian, Kazhak, and another subject of the student's choice.

Link - via Arbroath

Why the Honor Till Works

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 07:00 PM PDT

The Famous Honor Till of Swanton Berry Farm Photo: revger/Flickr

Just north of Santa Cruz, California, there's a farm that's famous for its good food and its rather peculiar method of accepting payment. You see, at the Swanton Berry Farm, you're expected to pay what you owe with no one at the counter.

You'd think that people would short the farm all the time, but in reality - even after taking into account thefts and freeloaders - the honor system actually made more money than manned counters.

Deborah Franklin of NPR's food blog The Salt explains the psychology of honor tills:

And today at his farm stand, Cochran says, just as at the donut shop years ago, most customers leave more money than they owe.

That doesn't surprise social psychologist Michael Cunningham of the University of Louisville who has used "trust games" to investigate what spurs good and bad behavior for the last 25 years. For many people, Cunningham says, trust seems to be at least as strong a motivator as guilt. He thinks he knows why.

"When you sell me something I want and trust me to pay you even when you're not looking, you've made my life good in two ways," Cunningham tells The Salt. "I get something delicious, and I also get a good feeling about myself. Both of those things make me feel good about the world— that I'm in a good place. And I also see you as a contributor to that good — as somebody I want to reward. It's a win win."

Link 

Vacuum-Powered Spider-Man

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 06:00 PM PDT


[YouTube Clip]

No need to get bitten by a radioactive spider, anymore! All you have to do to become like Spider-Man is strap on this vacuum cleaner (side effect: your building's wall is now super clean!)

Watch Utah State University's "Ascending Aggies" climb the wall like a vacuum-powered Spider-Man:

While the rest of us wait four more agonizing weeks for the theatrical premiere of The Amazing Spider-Man, student makers at Utah State University actually fabricated their own. Powered by vacuums, the so-called “Ascending Aggies” built their very own wall-crawler for an Air Force competition to help commandos scale tall buildings without stepping into a vehicle or picking up a grappling hook.

The team of engineering undergrads out-competed teams from 16 other universities to win the Air Force Research Laboratory’s annual Design Challenge, earning $50,000 in grant money and a chance to win double that. All for what they call a “Vertical Ascender,” shown in the video above, that can haul at least 300 pounds — however noisily.

Each Ascender is battery-powered and “designed to operate for about 30 minutes, which was several times the expected climb time,” Steven Hansen, the winning team’s faculty adviser, tells Danger Room. “For the competition, each university had one hour to train the Special Forces climbers and to get four climbers to the top of the 90-foot wall.”

Link 

Prius Repellent

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 05:00 PM PDT

Apparently, some people like spewing black smokes from their trucks (not a cheap modification either, those smoke stacks are quite pricey).

Photo via Cubiclebot (though you can google it to find this particular truck is from Arizona)

Hitchhiker Writing about the Kindness of America Got Shot

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 04:00 PM PDT

Ray Dolin, 39, was hitchhiking across the United States to write a memoir about the kindness of Americans, when he got shot by one!

"He was sitting down to have a little lunch and this guy drives up. He thought he was going to give him a ride and as he approached the vehicle, the guy pulls out his weapon and shoots him. It's as simple as that," [Valley County Sheriff Glen Meier] said.

Betcha that will make it into the book: Link

Darth Vader Lightsaber Lamp

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 03:58 PM PDT

Darth Vader Lightsaber Lamp – $89.95

An election year is upon us. Are still on the fence about your allegiance to the Dark Side? Behold the Darth Vader Lightsaber Lamp from the NeatoShop. This beautiful table lamp featuring the lightsaber of Darth Vader is very persuasive evidence that the Empire should get your vote. Plus, I hear if you Come To The Dark Side they have cookies. Yum! Cookies!

Anakin Lightsaber Lamp also available.

Be sure to check out the NeatoShop for more fantastic Star Wars items!

Link

Jurassic Park Proposal

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 03:00 PM PDT

Lee Hall (@paleeoguy) and his girlfriend Ashley Fragomeni are both paleontologists. One day, Lee took Ashley to the badlands of Snakewater, Montana, where they filmed Jurassic Park, and convinced her to re-enact the annoying kid scene from the movie.

That's when Lee, with the cunning of a velociraptor, surprised Ashley a little something. See for yourself: Hit play or go to Link [YouTube] - via Smithsonian Magazine's Dinosaur Tracking

Dad’s Not Worth As Much As Mom When It Comes To Household Chores

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 02:35 PM PDT

Father's Day is this coming Sunday, so tell your dad that you love him and that you appreciate all the daddy duties that he did, like getting rid of that icky bug from the house.

But don't tell him that he's not worth as much as mom when it comes to doing things around the house. As Emmet Pierce of Insure.com calculated, Dad's value in 2012 is $20,248 (compare that to mom's value of $60,182): Link

See also: Father's Day gift ideas from the NeatoShop 

Diabetes in the USA

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 02:00 PM PDT

We've been told before that more and more Americans are getting Type 2 diabetes (which is brought upon by obesity), but you may be surprised that the geographical distribution of the disease is actually quite striking*.

Healthline compiled data from CDC's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance system and the US Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program to create an interactive map where you can see the relationship between average household income, food desert (no, not "dessert" - food desert is an area where healthy and affordable food like fresh fruits and vegetables are not easily obtainable), and type 2 diabetes.

Link - Thanks Tracy!

*As you can see, diabetes is far more prevalent in the Southern United States (the red areas in Arizona are the Navajo and Apache Indian reservations)

Super Gory Mario Bros.

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 01:30 PM PDT

In the age of gory video games, good ol' Mario just looks so ... dowdy. Well, no more! Frantisek Vaclavek of Blumasters updated Super Mario Bros. by adding a little bit (okay a lot) of blood and gore.

Check it out over at Walyou: Link [embedded YouTube] - Thanks Fede!

 

Could There Be a Treasure in Your Toilet?

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 01:00 PM PDT

The float in your toilet tank that measures the water level is probably made of rubber or plastic. An old one might be metal. But even earlier, tank floats were made of blown glass. And glass being what it is, these floats are kind of rare now. Collector’s Weekly tells us all about glass toilet floats in a conversation with antique expert (and Rare Earth keyboard player) Mike Bruner.

"That's a really beautiful float," he practically gushes when I ask him about a plain, innocuous-looking float with the words "Patent applied for" embossed on its side. "The glass on that, I just love. It's very crude, but it's probably the nicest appearing glass I have."

I look again. It doesn't seem all that remarkable to me, but Bruner's vision is keener than mine. Where I see a boring oblong form, he sees history, and even art. "It's obviously handmade, and I'd be willing to bet it could date to the 1800s," he says. "It's not symmetrical in its shape. It's just what people who collect glassware want. They want something that tells a story. There's no doubt that a human being made this thing. It went into a three-piece mold, so it's definitely a production piece, but a human being blew the glass and snapped off the rod at the end. This thing is full of charisma."

Have you ever seen a glass float? If I have, I certainly didn’t know what it was. Link

(Image credit: Mike Bruner)

How to Kiss

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 12:00 PM PDT

Do you know how to kiss? This pictorial tutorial from 1942 shows us the right and the wrong way to kiss. This picture is all kinds of wrong, and looks neither romantic nor comfortable. See the rest at Retronaut. Link -via Nag on the Lake

Suit of Armor Hoodie

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 11:30 AM PDT

Chadwick John DIllon made this hoodie that looks like a suit of armor. It’s so awesome that he sells them in his Etsy shop, but it may be a little while before you can order yours, since everyone wants one, and the store is temporarily offline. But you can see more pictures at Laughing Squid. Link

Engage

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 11:00 AM PDT


(YouTube link)

In the TV series Star Trek: The Next Generation, the show ended with the crew taking off into space to look for the next adventure. In this supercut, we see the final few seconds of every episode of the first season. YouTube user Paul Slocum put this together long before “supercuts” were a thing. -via mental_floss

A Little Too Close

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 10:25 AM PDT

In a clip from the BBC TV show Richard Hammond’s Journey to the Centre of the Planet, a scientist tries to get a really fresh sample of lava. Mount Nyiragongo volcano, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, contains a lake of lava in its caldera. When it starts to move, the lava can flow up to 60 miles an hour -faster than anyone can outrun it! Link

Group Kitten Bath

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 08:30 AM PDT


(YouTube link)

A half-dozen 3-week-old stinky shelter kittens all got a bath at once. What resulted was a symphony of complete unhappiness. -via Cynical-C

The Myths and Marvels of Lake Titicaca

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 08:00 AM PDT

Lake Titicaca is the highest-altitude navigable lake on earth. It spans two countries and thousands of years of civilization. In fact, those who live there consider it the birthplace of the Incas. Read more about this fabled lake and see gorgeous pictures at Environmental Graffiti. Link

(Image credit: Wikipedia user Skykid 123ve)

Through Steel Like Butta

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 07:30 AM PDT


(YouTube link)

A cutting tool slices through steel, and we get to watch the slow-motion microscopic view. Getting this video could not have been simple. Notice the distortion of the material being sliced off. Warning: this video is mesmerizing. -via Metafilter

Unknown 150-year-old Photo Subjects

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 07:00 AM PDT

The Museum of the Confederacy is asking for your help in identifying the people in eight Civil War-era photographs. They are hoping that someone might see a family resemblance or have other photographs of or information about these folks. Even if you don’t recognize them, it’s awesome to imagine that you knew them. See the whole collection at Buzzfeed. Link

Tentacle Doorstop

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 06:11 AM PDT

Tentacle Doorstop – $19.95

Is your door causing a sticky situation by refusing to stay ajar? It’s time to get Kraken and get the fabulous tentacle doorstop from the NeatoShop. This cephalopod inspired doorstop is handcrafted in the USA. If you miss this deal you’re a sucker.

Be sure to check out the NeatoShop for more unusual Doorstops!

Link

Business Cat Reviews Your TPS Report

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 06:08 AM PDT

(Video Link)

He might be displeased with your work, or he could just need a new scratching post. It’s hard to say.

Via I Can Has Cheezburger

The 6 Types of People Who Watch/Don’t Watch HBO’s Girls

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 05:48 AM PDT

Since the HBO original series, Girls, premiered about 10 weeks ago, I've been engaging with a lot of people of all ages about the show — getting into deep discussions on many levels about why I think it's the most brilliant work on television right now. Obvioulsy, not everyone agrees. But the reasons why people agree or disagree is interesting. It's starting to become clear that almost everyone can be put into one of the the following 6 categories on a scale of worshipping to not even watching:

1. The Worshipper

The Worshipper, like me, wants to bronze every word that comes out of the characters' mouths (esp. Lena Dunham's), frame it and put it on a wall to revisit time and time again. (e.g. or “Didn’t you say texting is like the lowest form of communication on the pillar of chat?” “The totem of chat, and Facebook is the lowest, followed by Gchat, then texting, then email, then phone; face-to-face is of course ideal, but it’s not of this time.” Or, "No, I have not tried a lot to lose weight, because I decided I was going to have some other concerns in my life." The worshipper also loves the awkwardness of seeing Lena Dunham's not-perfect body naked and in compromising positions almost every episode. It's a nice, realistic break from the cartoonish Samantha Jones sex we got in Sex/City. As one critic wrote recently: Everyone on the show is "beautiful but nobody looks like they're on the CW and nobody has a body your friend wouldn't have…"

2. The Liker

Just below worship, of course, I've encountered those who dig the show, but aren't going to proselytize about it on a major Weblog. The Liker generally appreciates what Lena is doing to buck the stereotype of what we generally consider worthy of a leading, sexy lady role on a major television show. The Liker also appreciates things like the fact that one of Hannah's tattoos was inspired by the children's book Eloise that she got in high school because she gained a lot of weight in a short amount of time and wanted to feel in control of her own body.

3. The On The Fencer

This person has watched a few episodes, maybe even half a dozen, mostly because all her friends are talking about it on Facebook, but hasn't committed yet. Seeing Lena have sloppy sex is a struggle. Also, aside from Lena's character, the On The Fence-r isn't sold on the other three girls—their plot lines aren't developed and their acting is subpar.

4. The Critic

The Critic can't stand that a show has been made about four girls who come from privilege and/or famous parents. (e.g. Dunham is the daughter of Laurie Simmons, a photographer and designer, and Carroll Dunham, a painter. Zosia Mamet, another star on the series, is the daughter of American playwright, essayist, screenwriter and film director David Mamet and actress Lindsay Crouse.) As if such girls don't exist in real life. The Critic also doesn't like that of the four girls, none is African-American, Asian or Latino. Again, as if there aren't four female white friends who hang around together in the real world.

5. The Loather

In my discussions with people about the show, many have expressed their violent reactions to the series. In general, I'd say these people are speaking from a jealous place. Either they are writers who are envious that the show is getting so much attention while their pilot sits dusty in a drawer somewhere, or they are jealous of Dunham's raw talent. They wanted to be the voice of the millennial generation or are upset that Dunham's quirky dialogue is regarded as the voice of the millennial generation. Every comparison of Dunham to Woody Allen makes them want to run from the family room screaming. (Wait, do people still watch television in the family room?) Others are put off to such a show because it's too real. They want sitcom dialogue with its familiar setup line, setup line, joke, setup line, setup line, joke. If they're going to see people naked, having sex on camera, well it better damn well be someone they'd want to fantasize about later. Not some average-looking chick with an average amount of cellulite an tattoos.

6. The Won't Watcher

This person has heard a few things about the show and has already decided it's not for her. Maybe she even saw Dunham's 2009 feature filmed while still at Oberlin College, Creative Nonfiction, or her 2010 Tiny Furniture. Maybe one of those films rubbed her the wrong way. Or maybe she doesn't have HBO and isn't shy about saying so. "Pff. I hate all that pretentious crap on cable." Whatever the reason, The Won't Watcher isn't watching and isn't willing to give it a try. That's okay. Girls doesn't need Two and a Half Men numbers. It just needs numbers 1-6. Because a list like this is proof that Dunham has done something really, really big. And don’t forget, no one ever erected a statue for a critic.

How about you all? Do you fit one of the six types above? Let us know in the comments below!

Cosmic Headlights and the Origin of Gamma Ray Bursts

Posted: 12 Jun 2012 05:10 AM PDT

Figure 1: The positions in galactic coordinates of the GRBs in the BATSE 4B catalog, showing the isotropy of the burst sky distribution (see C.A. Meegan, et al., Nature, vol. 355, 1993, p. 143.

by Eric J. Heller
Departments of Chemistry and Physics
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Gamma-ray bursts pose one of the greatest mysteries of modern astrophysics. Almost every day, there is a huge, localized burst of gamma-rays lighting up the sky, which often outshines all the other gamma ray sources in the sky put together. Then the source of the burst vanishes, often in a few seconds. The bursts come from all over the sky, seemingly at random. Until now there has been no convincing explanation for them. The answer, it turns out, may be automotive in nature

The Mystery of Gamma Ray Bursts

Gamma ray bursts (GRB) were discovered in 1967 by satellite-borne detectors looking for violations of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. They are extremely bright sources of radiation, typically lasting for seconds. Some are very sharply peaked in time, others have a longer falloff. Burst time-scales go through the 30 ms scale to hundreds of seconds. Even if the GRBs we see are somehow collimated toward us (as we shall argue they are) , they are by far the brightest electromagnetic events in the Universe. They are more or less randomly distributed across the sky, as seen in Figure 1, and happen about once a day. There is strong evidence that the GRBs seen so far are extragalactic, since recent observations have associated faint galaxies to the burst sights. It is now known that they emanate from distant galaxies. While the bursts were detected in the gamma region of the spectrum, there are also x-ray and visible portions of the spectrum. GRBs remain an active area of research [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Typical bursts are shown in Figure 2 . A galaxy from which another burst originated is shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2: Sample of GRBs detected by the BeppoSAX/GRBM. It shows just an example of the possible morphology, duration and intensity variety of the GRBs

The explanations for these bursts have been diverse. Most involve black holes created by massive stars. Since the collimation issue is not resolved, the total energy in the bursts ranges enormously, depending on the solid angle assumed for the beam. If the radiation were isotropic, the total energy involved would be almost unimaginable and very hard to accommodate into existing theory. On the other hand if the bursts are extremely collimated, and we just happen to see the ones aimed at us, the energies are more modest. None of the proposed models is very satisfactory, in that aspects of the data remain unexplained or that unknown physics has to be arbitrarily invoked. Here, we give a simple explanation showing they are in fact the result of routine activities by extraterrestrials.

Explanation

The explanation of GRBs falls into place if we consider the activities of extraterrestrial intelligent beings. It is assumed that such beings, in our galaxy or other galaxies, are quite capable of space travel over great distances, at speeds near the speed of light, c. The relativistic time dilation , where , dictates that travelers have a huge advantage in traveling close to the speed of light, in terms of the space ship clock time to arrive at a destination. The energy requirements, E, on the other hand get arbitrarily large as the speed of light is approached, i.e. . We are only 250 years since the invention of the steam engine; advanced societies could easily have had a million-fold more time to develop technology. We dare not assume they are limited in their capacity to generate enormous amounts of energy.

Space travel at relativistic speeds is not without its hazards. It is well known that "brown" matter and other debris populates intragalactic space, and perhaps intergalactic space, with some density. Objects ranging in size from baryons and atoms to masses of the order of Jupiter might be encountered, though the larger ones would certainly be known ahead of time, or easily seen. Smaller sized objects are another issue. We assume here that a collision at relativistic speeds with something the size of a baseball, or perhaps even small molecules, is bad even for space vehicles of very advanced societies. At the very least, such vehicles must "look ahead" for larger objects it would collide with, and move out of the way when they are detected. It should also have a way of moving the much more numerous small objects out of harm's way.

In other words, space ships must have headlights, and perhaps beams powerful enough to disintegrate or displace small bodies well in advance of arrival. These would naturally need to be extremely collimated. The requirement to see far enough ahead might make them quite energetic. An observer along the line of the path vehicle would always see very blue shifted (i.e., mostly gamma) radiation, since we would see only those beams from ships traveling directly toward us at relativistic speeds. But why do we see a "burst" of 0.1–10 seconds?

Figure 3: Galactic region (left) and host galaxy (right) from which the gamma ray burst GRB 9901231 originated (from reference 21

If a space vehicle in another galaxy were traveling exactly in our direction (of course at some time in the past) then perhaps we should see their "headlights" for more than a few seconds. However, several explanations exist for this, all of which can coexist. The burst may be an indication that the ship has its low beams on most of the time, switching to high beam only long enough to destroy objects in its path. This would explain their short and variable duration (the time required to destroy different debris is variable), and the asymmetry in time of some GRBs, some of which have a long time tail (destruction beams from ships may be chirped, for example, visible radiation followed by microwave, to increase effectiveness). Secondly, depending on the collimation, extremely slight deflections in path of the vehicle, or deflection of the headlight beam by changes in matter distribution in the vicinity of the vehicle would be sufficient to explain the brief duration of the typical gamma ray "flash". It is also possible that small objects, once detected, are obliterated with a focused flash from the vehicle. Thus the variation in the duration of the flashes, their spectral content, and the total energy fluence are easily attributed to variations in source spectral content, propagation fluctuations of the type just mentioned, and earth's position in the beam as it sweeps by.

Proposal for a Test

The solar system is sufficiently large to test the idea of extreme collimation of the beam. Let us suppose that the beam has an initial width of 100 m, with a mean wavelength of 10-12 m, in the gamma region. Using the asymptotic formula for the spreading of a Gaussian beam (Born and Wolf, Principles of Optics), we have the angular spread in radians, given by radians (1)

After one billion years of travel this beam would spread to a size of about 106 kilometers, only about 1% of the earth-sun distance. If the GRBs are remnants of destruction beams, their width at the beam waist might be 100 times smaller, giving a width a billion years later on the order 1 AU. These figures make it worthwhile to contemplate building a solar orbiting gamma ray camera, in order to detect differences between arrival signatures on earth and on the satellite which might reveal a beam width on the order of a few AUs or less.

Conclusion

We have shown that GRBs are explained as byproducts of narrowly collimated headlights and protection beams of extraterrestrial vehicles in other galaxies, where the bursts are known to originate. These beams would have an approximately 10–15 radian spread. This explanation requires ten to twenty orders of magnitude less energy in the source than an assumed astrophysical "collimated" source with a beam spread of 1 to 10 degrees.

Figure 4. Headlights. This particular example is of terrestrial origin.

No one has seen a GRB originating from within our own galaxy. No doubt there are extraterrestrials traveling around here too, but the beams would be very narrow due to a thousand-fold or greater reduction in propagation distance, and conceivably destructive. Probably we have never been "hit" by one of them. Indeed, tra_c laws or common courtesy may prohibit aiming of such concentrated radiation toward inhabited planets in one's own galaxy; however, other galaxies are much too distant to have to worry about, explaining why we see bursts only from distant galaxies.

The GRBs originate only within distant galaxies as far as we know. This is easily explained, since extragalactic travel is either out of the question (even for advanced societies) because of the great distances involved, or else intergalactic space is so empty that it is common practice to leave your headlights off when traveling between galaxies.

Editor's note: This work is consonant with the evidence amassed by Scott Sandford of NASA that internal combustion engines may be common in interstellar space. See "Proof that UFOs are Powered by Internal Combustion Engines," Scott A. Sandford, AIR 6:2.

References

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This article is republished with permission from the November-December 2002 issue of the Annals of Improbable Research. You can download or purchase back issues of the magazine, or subscribe to receive future issues. Or get a subscription for someone as a gift!

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