Nature contents: 15 May 2014

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Volume 509 Number 7500      nature •Visit Nature homepage •Subscribe to Nature •View Table of Contents The science that matters. Every week.               APPLY TODAY for the 2014 ONCOLOGY RESEARCH GRANT. Together with Illumina, we're giving two deserving researchers the power to tap into the wealth of genomic data locked within FFPE samples using an innovative technique developed by EA | Quintiles using Illumina's RNA Access method. Unleash the power of your research with RNA-seq and DNA Methylation. expressionanalysis.com/grant       Jump to the content that matters to you View Table of Contents ▶ ▼ News & Comment   ▼ Biological Sciences   ▼ Health Sciences   ▼ Physical Sciences   ▼ Earth & Environmental Sciences   ▼ Careers & Jobs       This week's highlights     Physical Sciences More Physical sciences ▼   Cepheid variables in the flared outer disk of our Galaxy   We are in the dark about the structure of much our own Galaxy because the stellar disk is largely hidden by the densely packed stars in the spherical Galactic bulge. But now the discovery of large numbers of Cepheid variable candidates – the 'standard candles' of astronomy – has provided an opportunity to probe the far side of our Galaxy. Patricia Whitelock and colleagues use five conveniently placed Cepheids as distance indicators and find that they are associated with a thickening or 'flaring' of the outer disk that has previously been inferred from observations of atomic hydrogen.       Earth & Environmental Sciences More Earth & Environmental sciences ▼   The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity   Attempts to monitor changes in tropical cyclone activity have been hampered by inconsistencies in global datasets. A new study by-passes this problem by instead focusing on the latitude at which tropical cyclones reached their lifetime maximum intensity. The authors find that during the past 30 years the zone of peak intensity has migrated steadily towards the poles, at a rate of about 60 km per decade. The shift seems to be associated with changes in vertical wind shear and potential intensity that may be associated with tropical expansion.       Biological Sciences More Biological sciences ▼   A semi-synthetic organism with an expanded genetic alphabet   The genetic code is simple: four bases that form two pairs (A–T and G–C) are used in all of life. Expansion of this code to incorporate unnatural nucleotides and base pairs has been a goal of synthetic biology, as it would open up ways to tailor organisms for directed purposes. Floyd Romesberg and colleagues now demonstrate that two hydrophobic nucleotides, d5SICSTP and dNaMTP, can be added to the medium in which Escherichia coli expressing an algal nucleotide triphosphate transporter is growing, and these nucleotides are successfully incorporated in the genome without cell growth being significantly impacted.             Podcast & Video     In this week's podcast: baby-killing mice become caring dads at the flick of a genetic switch, how using male cells and animals could bias results, and how a loss of water in California's Central Valley may be moving mountains. In our latest video feature, scientists have found the oldest sperm ever discovered, and they are whoppers.         News & Comment Read daily news coverage▶ ▲top               THIS WEEK           Editorials                   An accident waiting to happen ▶     The release of radioactive material at a US nuclear-waste repository reveals an all-too-common picture of complacency over safety and a gradual downgrading of regulations.             Full support ▶     Germany should follow the United Kingdom’s lead and spell out the benefits of animal research.             Hard data ▶     It has been no small feat for the Protein Data Bank to stay relevant for 100,000 structures.             World View                   Is it right to reverse extinction? ▶     Several groups are working to bring back long-dead species, but these efforts could undo some hard-learned lessons, argues Ben Minteer.             Seven Days                   Seven days 9–15 May 2014 ▶     The week in science: UK pledge to be more open about animal research; Stanford University axes coal-company investments; and Vermont passes GM-labelling law.             NEWS IN FOCUS           Call for better oversight of nuclear-waste storage ▶     Accident at US repository highlights need for tougher safety monitoring, say experts.             Microbiome therapy gains market traction ▶     Wave of investment suggests drugs from body-dwelling bacteria are heading for the clinic.             Atlantic current strength declines ▶     But more data are needed to indicate whether the slowing is a result of human-induced climate change.             NASA plans Mars sample-return rover ▶     Agency to narrow down list of landing sites for 2020 mission.             Features                   Homophobia and HIV research: Under siege ▶     A wave of anti-gay laws and homophobia in Africa is hampering efforts to study and curb the spread of HIV.             Cosmology: First light ▶     The left-over radiation from the Big Bang has given up what may be its last great secret about the early Universe, but astronomers are determined to mine more from this primordial prize.             COMMENT           Climate science: Understand Arctic methane variability ▶     Expand ground monitoring of polar sources of this greenhouse gas to find out how climate change will influence its release, says Torben R. Christensen.             Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies ▶     Janine A. Clayton and Francis S. Collins unveil policies to ensure that preclinical research funded by the US National Institutes of Health considers females and males.             Books and Arts                   Sociobiology: The distributed brain ▶     Herbert Gintis salutes the follow-up to a study on sociality and hominin brain size.             Books in brief ▶             Chemistry: Intoxicating science ▶     Jamie Goode drinks in two views of that most venerable and destructive drug — alcohol.             Development: Dammed dreams ▶     Monya Baker is swept along by a documentary film tracing humanity's complex relationship with water.             Correspondence                   Clinical trials: Tamiflu reviewers respond to critics Peter Doshi, Tom Jefferson | Infection: Prion identity wrongly credited R. John Ellis | Climate change: Call for UN to act on food security Bruce Campbell | Environment: Ocean pollution foils search for plane Keith Alverson             Correction                   Correction ▶                 Join the most influential at EuroScience Open Forum (ESOF) 2014 Copenhagen - June 21-26, 2014. Officially opening by HM Queen Margrethe II of Denmark and President José Manuel Barroso, European Commission. ESOF2014 makes the voice of researchers audible to society at large. Early bird offer! Get one year Nature subscription for free - sign up before May 31         Biological Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Developmental genetics: Female silkworms have the sex factor ▶     František Marec             Cancer: Darwinian tumour suppression ▶     Eduardo Moreno             Physiology: Double function at the blood–brain barrier ▶     Christer Betsholtz             Amygdala interneuron subtypes control fear learning through disinhibition ▶     Steffen B. E. Wolff, Jan Gründemann, Philip Tovote et al.     Plasticity within neuronal microcircuits is believed to be the substrate of learning, and this study identifies two distinct disinhibitory mechanisms involving interactions between PV+ and SOM+ interneurons that dynamically regulate principal neuron activity in the amygdala and thereby control auditory fear learning.             Structural basis of the non-coding RNA RsmZ acting as a protein sponge ▶     Olivier Duss, Erich Michel, Maxim Yulikov et al.     A novel combined NMR and EPR spectroscopy approach reveals the structure and assembly mechanism of a 70-kDa bacterial ribonucleoprotein complex acting as a protein sponge in translational regulation.             Cell competition is a tumour suppressor mechanism in the thymus ▶     Vera C. Martins, Katrin Busch, Dilafruz Juraeva et al.     T cells develop from thymic precursor cells that are constantly replaced with newly arriving bone marrow progenitor cells, and the ‘old’ and ‘new’ cells are shown here to compete; in the absence of cell competition, when the influx of new bone marrow progenitor cells is blocked, the old cells acquire the ability to self-renew and eventually become transformed, leading to the development of a form of leukaemia.             Mfsd2a is a transporter for the essential omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid ▶     Long N. Nguyen, Dongliang Ma, Guanghou Shui et al.     Mfsd2a is the major transporter of the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into brain, with Mfsd2a-knockout mice showing reduced DHA in brain, neuronal cell loss in hippocampus and cerebellum, behavioural disorders and reduced brain size; DHA is transported in a sodium-dependent manner, in the form of lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) carrying long-chain fatty acids.             Co-opting sulphur-carrier proteins from primary metabolic pathways for 2-thiosugar biosynthesis ▶     Eita Sasaki, Xuan Zhang, He G. Sun et al.     How sulphur is incorporated into sulphur-containing secondary metabolites is poorly understood; here, the bacterium Amycolatopsis orientalis is shown to co-opt sulphur-carrier proteins from primary metabolic pathways to facilitate the biosynthesis of sulphur-containing natural products.             CFIm25 links alternative polyadenylation to glioblastoma tumour suppression ▶     Chioniso P. Masamha, Zheng Xia, Jingxuan Yang et al.     CFIm25 is identified as a factor that prevents messenger RNAs being shortened due to altered 3′ polyadenylation, which typically occurs when cells undergo high proliferation and correlates with increased tumorigenic activity in glioblastoma tumours.             Ribosomal oxygenases are structurally conserved from prokaryotes to humans ▶     Rasheduzzaman Chowdhury, Rok Sekirnik, Nigel C. Brissett et al.     Crystal structures of human and prokaryotic ribosomal oxygenases reported here, with and without their ribosomal protein substrates, support their assignments as hydroxylases, and provide insights into the evolution of the JmjC-domain-containing hydroxylases and demethylases.             The metabolite α-ketoglutarate extends lifespan by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR ▶     Randall M. Chin, Xudong Fu, Melody Y. Pai et al.     Ageing in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans is shown to be delayed by supplementation with α-ketoglutarate, an effect that is probably mediated by ATP synthase—which is identified as a direct target of α-ketoglutarate—and target of rapamycin (TOR).             Purkinje-cell plasticity and cerebellar motor learning are graded by complex-spike duration ▶     Yan Yang, Stephen G. Lisberger     Recordings from monkeys during motor learning suggest that durations of complex-spike (CS) responses to climbing-fibre inputs are meaningful signals correlated across the Purkinje-cell population during motor learning; longer climbing-fibre bursts lead to longer-duration CS responses, larger synaptic depression and stronger learning, thus forming a graded instruction.             A single female-specific piRNA is the primary determiner of sex in the silkworm ▶     Takashi Kiuchi, Hikaru Koga, Munetaka Kawamoto et al.     It is known that in the silkworm (Bombyx mori), males have two Z sex chromosomes whereas females have Z and W and the W chromosome has a dominant role in female determination; here a single female-specific W-chromosome-derived PIWI-interacting RNA is shown to be the feminizing factor in B. mori.             Mfsd2a is critical for the formation and function of the blood–brain barrier ▶     Ayal Ben-Zvi, Baptiste Lacoste, Esther Kur et al.     Mfsd2a is a key regulator of blood–brain barrier (BBB) formation and function in mice: Mfsd2a is selectively expressed in BBB-containing blood vessels in the CNS; Mfsd2a−/− mice have a leaky BBB and increased vesicular transcytosis in CNS endothelial cells; and Mfsd2a endothelial expression is regulated by pericytes to facilitate BBB integrity.             Modality-specific thalamocortical inputs instruct the identity of postsynaptic L4 neurons ▶     Gabrielle Pouchelon, Frédéric Gambino, Camilla Bellone et al.     Sensory modality-specific thalamic inputs are shown to instruct the differentiation and function of postsynaptic target neurons in the cortex, thus controlling the development and functional segregation of cortical circuits.             Articles and Letters                   Galanin neurons in the medial preoptic area govern parental behaviour ▶     Zheng Wu, Anita E. Autry, Joseph F. Bergan et al.     Sexual experience brings radical changes in how male mice behave with pups—virgin males attack them whereas mature fathers display parental care; here the authors identify a subset of hypothalamic neurons whose ablation leads to parental deficits in both males and females, and whose activation in virgin males suppresses aggression and induces pup grooming.             Space–time wiring specificity supports direction selectivity in the retina ▶     Jinseop S. Kim, Matthew J. Greene, Aleksandar Zlateski et al.     Motion detection by the retina is thought to rely largely on the biophysics of starburst amacrine cell dendrites; here machine learning is used with gamified crowdsourcing to draw the wiring diagram involving amacrine and bipolar cells to identify a plausible circuit mechanism for direction selectivity; the model suggests similarities between mammalian and insect vision.             c-kit+ cells minimally contribute cardiomyocytes to the heart ▶     Jop H. van Berlo, Onur Kanisicak, Marjorie Maillet et al.     Whether or not endogenous c-kit+ cells residing within the heart contribute cardiomyocytes during physiological ageing or after injury remains unknown; here, using an inducible lineage tracing system, the c-kit+ lineage is shown to generate cardiomyocytes at very low levels, and, by contrast, contributes substantially to cardiac endothelial cell generation.             Anthropogenic electromagnetic noise disrupts magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird ▶     Svenja Engels, Nils-Lasse Schneider, Nele Lefeldt et al.     For the first time under reproducible and fully double-blinded conditions, it is shown that anthropogenic electromagnetic noise below the WHO limits affects a biological system: night-migrating birds lose the ability to use the Earth’s magnetic field for orientation when exposed to anthropogenic electromagnetic noise at strengths routinely produced by commonly used electronic devices.             Dynamics and associations of microbial community types across the human body ▶     Tao Ding, Patrick D. Schloss     The microbiome composition of 300 individuals sampled over 12–18 months was partitioned into microbial community types, which could be associated with the type found at other body sites, as well as with whether individuals were breastfed as an infant, their gender and their level of education.             T-cell activation by transitory neo-antigens derived from distinct microbial pathways ▶     Alexandra J. Corbett, Sidonia B. G. Eckle, Richard W. Birkinshaw et al.     Activation of mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells is shown to require key genes encoding an early intermediate in bacterial riboflavin synthesis, 5-amino-6-d-ribitylaminouracil; this reacts non-enzymatically with metabolites to form short-lived antigens that are captured and stabilized by MR1 for presentation to MAIT cells.             Caspase-11 activation requires lysis of pathogen-containing vacuoles by IFN-induced GTPases ▶     Etienne Meunier, Mathias S. Dick, Roland F. Dreier et al.     Interferon-inducible GTPases are required for the release of vacuolar Gram-negative bacteria into the cytoplasm and subsequent inflammasome-mediated caspase-11 activation.             Reconstructing lineage hierarchies of the distal lung epithelium using single-cell RNA-seq ▶     Barbara Treutlein, Doug G. Brownfield, Angela R. Wu et al.     Single-cell transcriptome analysis enables the direct measurement of cell types and lineage hierarchies of the developing distal lung epithelium and identifies a population of bipotential alveolar progenitor cells.             Disruption of Mediator rescues the stunted growth of a lignin-deficient Arabidopsis mutant ▶     Nicholas D. Bonawitz, Jeong Im Kim, Yuki Tobimatsu et al.     Disruption of lignin biosynthesis has been proposed as a way to improve forage and bioenergy crops, but it can result in stunted growth and developmental abnormalities; here, the undesirable features of one such manipulation are shown to depend on the transcriptional co-regulatory complex Mediator.             Structure of the core ectodomain of the hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein 2 ▶     Abdul Ghafoor Khan, Jillian Whidby, Matthew T. Miller et al.     The crystal structure of the core domain of the hepatitis C virus surface glycoprotein E2 has been solved; the structure shows that, contrary to expectation, E2 is unlikely to be the viral fusion protein.             A semi-synthetic organism with an expanded genetic alphabet ▶     Denis A. Malyshev, Kirandeep Dhami, Thomas Lavergne et al.     Triphosphates of hydrophobic nucleotides d5SICS and dNaM are imported into Escherichia coli by an exogenous algal nucleotide triphosphate transporter and then used by an endogenous polymerase to replicate, and faithfully maintain over many generations of growth, a plasmid containing the d5SICS–dNaM unnatural base pair.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Nucleotide signalling during inflammation ▶     Marco Idzko, Davide Ferrari, Holger K. Eltzschig     Extracellular ATP released from cells during inflammatory responses predominantly functions as a signalling molecule through the activation of purinergic P2 receptors and contributes to both beneficial and detrimental inflammatory responses; this review examines P2 receptor signalling via ATP and its effect on the outcome of inflammatory and infectious diseases.             News & Views                   Synthetic biology: New letters for life's alphabet ▶     Ross Thyer, Jared Ellefson             Neurobiology: To care or not to care ▶     Ivan Rodriguez             Sensory biology: Radio waves zap the biomagnetic compass ▶     Joseph L. Kirschvink             Evolution: Geology and climate drive diversification ▶     Rosemary G. Gillespie, George K. Roderick             Developmental genetics: Female silkworms have the sex factor ▶     František Marec             Cancer: Darwinian tumour suppression ▶     Eduardo Moreno             Physiology: Double function at the blood–brain barrier ▶     Christer Betsholtz             Research Highlights                   Animal biology: Injury shapes squid behaviour | Ecology: Longlines better for deep seas | Genomics: When brown and polar bears split | Biology: Thyroid makes young hearts grow | Maths reality check resonates online         NEWS & COMMENT           Full support | Hard data | Is it right to reverse extinction? | NEWS - MICROBIOME | Homophobia and HIV research: Under siege | Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies | Sociobiology: The distributed brain | Books in brief | Clinical trials: Tamiflu reviewers respond to critics | Infection: Prion identity wrongly credited             More Biological Sciences ▶                 An open access online-only multidisciplinary journal publishing high-quality research in all areas of primary care management of respiratory and respiratory-related allergic diseases. This title is part of the Nature Partner Journals portfolio - a new series of online open access journals published in collaboration with world-renowned international partners.          Health Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Cancer: Darwinian tumour suppression ▶     Eduardo Moreno             Cell competition is a tumour suppressor mechanism in the thymus ▶     Vera C. Martins, Katrin Busch, Dilafruz Juraeva et al.     T cells develop from thymic precursor cells that are constantly replaced with newly arriving bone marrow progenitor cells, and the ‘old’ and ‘new’ cells are shown here to compete; in the absence of cell competition, when the influx of new bone marrow progenitor cells is blocked, the old cells acquire the ability to self-renew and eventually become transformed, leading to the development of a form of leukaemia.             CFIm25 links alternative polyadenylation to glioblastoma tumour suppression ▶     Chioniso P. Masamha, Zheng Xia, Jingxuan Yang et al.     CFIm25 is identified as a factor that prevents messenger RNAs being shortened due to altered 3′ polyadenylation, which typically occurs when cells undergo high proliferation and correlates with increased tumorigenic activity in glioblastoma tumours.             Articles and Letters                   Anthropogenic electromagnetic noise disrupts magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird ▶     Svenja Engels, Nils-Lasse Schneider, Nele Lefeldt et al.     For the first time under reproducible and fully double-blinded conditions, it is shown that anthropogenic electromagnetic noise below the WHO limits affects a biological system: night-migrating birds lose the ability to use the Earth’s magnetic field for orientation when exposed to anthropogenic electromagnetic noise at strengths routinely produced by commonly used electronic devices.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Nucleotide signalling during inflammation ▶     Marco Idzko, Davide Ferrari, Holger K. Eltzschig     Extracellular ATP released from cells during inflammatory responses predominantly functions as a signalling molecule through the activation of purinergic P2 receptors and contributes to both beneficial and detrimental inflammatory responses; this review examines P2 receptor signalling via ATP and its effect on the outcome of inflammatory and infectious diseases.             News & Views                   Sensory biology: Radio waves zap the biomagnetic compass ▶     Joseph L. Kirschvink             Cancer: Darwinian tumour suppression ▶     Eduardo Moreno           NEWS & COMMENT           Full support | Homophobia and HIV research: Under siege | Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies             More Health Sciences ▶               Physical Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Articles and Letters                   Total synthesis and isolation of citrinalin and cyclopiamine congeners ▶     Eduardo V. Mercado-Marin, Pablo Garcia-Reynaga, Stelamar Romminger et al.     Natural products citrinalin B and cyclopiamine B, which contain basic nitrogen atoms that are susceptible to oxidation during synthesis, can be synthesized by the selective introduction and removal of functional groups.             Cepheid variables in the flared outer disk of our galaxy ▶     Michael W. Feast, John W. Menzies, Noriyuki Matsunaga et al.     Five classical Cepheids have been detected in the outer parts of our Galaxy beyond the Galactic bulge; they are probably associated with the gas in the flared disk and, if so, they are the first stars to be identified in the flare.             Tracking excited-state charge and spin dynamics in iron coordination complexes ▶     Wenkai Zhang, Roberto Alonso-Mori, Uwe Bergmann et al.     Femtosecond resolution X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is shown to track the charge and spin dynamics triggered when an iron coordination complex is excited by light, and establishes the critical role of intermediate spin states in the de-excitation process.             Anthropogenic electromagnetic noise disrupts magnetic compass orientation in a migratory bird ▶     Svenja Engels, Nils-Lasse Schneider, Nele Lefeldt et al.     For the first time under reproducible and fully double-blinded conditions, it is shown that anthropogenic electromagnetic noise below the WHO limits affects a biological system: night-migrating birds lose the ability to use the Earth’s magnetic field for orientation when exposed to anthropogenic electromagnetic noise at strengths routinely produced by commonly used electronic devices.             Reviews and Perspectives                   Recent advances in homogeneous nickel catalysis ▶     Sarah Z. Tasker, Eric A. Standley, Timothy F. Jamison     Some of the most recent and significant developments in homogeneous nickel catalysis are reviewed, including nickel-mediated cross-coupling reactions and carbon–hydrogen bond activation reactions.             News & Views                   Organic chemistry: Collaborative synthesis ▶     John L. Wood             50 & 100 Years Ago ▶             Erratum                   Erratum: Recent advances in homogeneous nickel catalysis ▶     Sarah Z. Tasker, Eric A. Standley, Timothy F. Jamison             Research Highlights                   Physics: Tractor beam pulls in objects | Materials: Graphene analogue carries current | Astrophysics: Big planets could alter star rotation         NEWS & COMMENT           NASA plans Mars sample-return rover | Cosmology: First light | Chemistry: Intoxicating science | An accident waiting to happen | Call for better oversight of nuclear-waste storage             More Physical Sciences ▶               Earth & Environmental Sciences ▲top             RESEARCH           Latest Online                   Earth science: Fertile fields for seismicity ▶     Paul Lundgren             Uplift and seismicity driven by groundwater depletion in central California ▶     Colin B. Amos, Pascal Audet, William C. Hammond et al.     Human-caused groundwater depletion in California’s San Joaquin Valley contributes to uplift of the surrounding mountains and may affect the stability of the San Andreas Fault.             Articles and Letters                   The poleward migration of the location of tropical cyclone maximum intensity ▶     James P. Kossin, Kerry A. Emanuel, Gabriel A. Vecchi     Analysis of global historical data in the Northern and Southern hemispheres reveals a statistically significant, poleward migration of 1° per decade in the average latitude at which tropical cyclones have achieved their lifetime-maximum intensity over the past 30 years.             News & Views                   Climate science: Shifting storms ▶     Hamish Ramsay             50 & 100 Years Ago ▶             Evolution: Geology and climate drive diversification ▶     Rosemary G. Gillespie, George K. Roderick             Earth science: Fertile fields for seismicity ▶     Paul Lundgren             Research Highlights                   Geophysics: How El Niño slows the planet's spin | Ecology: Longlines better for deep seas | Atmospheric science: Detecting rainfall from the bottom up         NEWS & COMMENT           Atlantic current strength declines | Climate science: Understand Arctic methane variability | Books in brief | Development: Dammed dreams | Climate change: Call for UN to act on food security | Environment: Ocean pollution foils search for plane | An accident waiting to happen             More Earth & Environmental Sciences ▶                 Nature, Nature Biotechnology and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health are pleased to present: Genomic Technologies and Biomaterials for Understanding Disease June 23-24, 2014 Co-located at 2014 BIO International Convention, San Diego Convention Center, San Diego, CA, USA Click here for more information or to register for this conference today!         Careers & Jobs ▲top               Career gaps: Maternity muddle ▶     The support available for childbirth and rearing varies wildly. New parents come up with creative ways to juggle demands.                   Turning point: Collin Diedrich ▶     Researcher battles learning disabilities to study HIV.             Careers related news & comment                   Seven days 9–15 May 2014 | Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies Janine A. Clayton, Francis S. Collins | Infection: Prion identity wrongly credited R. John Ellis | Climate change: Call for UN to act on food security Bruce Campbell               naturejobs.com Science jobs of the week       Postdoctoral Research Assistant     St. George's University of London            3 doctoral positions     Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany            Group Leader Positions     Curie Institute             Postdoctoral Fellow     Cleveland Clinic          No matter what your career stage, student, postdoc or senior scientist, you will find articles on naturejobs.com to help guide you in your science career. Keep up-to-date with the latest sector trends, vote in our reader poll and sign-up to receive the monthly Naturejobs newsletter.           • natureevents Directory featured events           natureevents directory featured events         Palliative Medicine Symposium     18.09.14 Nevada, USA         Natureevents Directory is the premier resource for scientists looking for the latest scientific conferences, courses, meetings and symposia. Featured across Nature Publishing Group journals and centrally at natureevents.com it is an essential reference guide to scientific events worldwide.               Futures                   Thanks for the memory ▶     Milo James Fowler                 Your email address is in the Nature mailing list. You have been sent this Table of Contents Alert because you have opted in to receive it. 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