Nature Neuroscience Contents: August 2014 Volume 17 Number 8, pp 1013 - 1136

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TABLE OF CONTENTS August 2014 Volume 17, Issue 8 Editorial News and Views Reviews Brief Communications Articles Technical Reports Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Nature Outlook Epilepsy Stigmatization of people with epilepsy continues in certain parts of the world and though lack of funding limits epilepsy research, new ways to treat and manage seizures are on the horizon.  Access the Outlook free online for six months.  Produced with support of an independent medical education grant from Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc.   Editorial Top Clearing the smoke   p1013 doi:10.1038/nn.3777 There is an urgent need for more research on the effects of e-cigarettes and nicotine addiction in general. News and Views Top Something wicked this way comes: huntingtin   pp1014 - 1015 Albert R La Spada doi:10.1038/nn.3770 Does cell-to-cell spreading of misfolded proteins occur in all neurodegenerative disorders? A study in this issue of Nature Neuroscience now demonstrates propagation of mutant huntingtin in brain slice cultures and in vivo, thereby extending the process of cell-to-cell propagation of misfolded proteins to Huntington's disease. See also: Article by Pecho-Vrieseling et al. A selector orchestrates cortical function   pp1016 - 1017 Masaki Ueno, Ryosuke Fujiki and Toshihide Yamashita doi:10.1038/nn.3765 Molecular orchestration mediated by Fezf2, a master transcriptional regulator of a particular type of cortical neurons, directly determines both their identity and axonal routing, and thus their connectivity. See also: Article by Lodato et al. Getting it through your thick skull   pp1018 - 1019 Ikuko T Smith and Spencer L Smith doi:10.1038/nn.3766 Neural activity up to 3 mm deep in mouse brain can now be inhibited optogenetically through the intact cranium with a red-shifted opsin called Jaws. See also: Technical Report by Chuong et al. Sleep replay meets brain-machine interface   pp1019 - 1021 Kenneth D Harris doi:10.1038/nn.3769 Brain-machine interfaces provide not only potential therapies, but also new tools for studying neuronal processing. A study now uses them to investigate how learning affects sleep activity in motor cortex. See also: Article by Gulati et al. A common affective code   p1021 P. Alexander Arguello doi:10.1038/nn0814-1021 See also: Article by Chikazoe et al. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Postdoc in Neuroscience Cornell University Researcher in BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) Post-doctoral Fellow (Postdoc) Position at Baylor - Neuroscience and Metabolism Baylor College of Medicine (BCM) Postdoctoral Researcher in Systems Neuroscience UC San Diego - BioCircuits Institute Multiple Faculty Positions - Department of Neuroscience at Baylor College of Medicine Department of Neuroscience at Baylor College of Medicine More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT Mind & Brain Prize 2014 19.11.14 Torino, Italy More science events from Reviews Top Direct and indirect pathways of basal ganglia: a critical reappraisal   pp1022 - 1030 Paolo Calabresi, Barbara Picconi, Alessandro Tozzi, Veronica Ghiglieri and Massimiliano Di Filippo doi:10.1038/nn.3743 The authors review studies of basal ganglia (BG) physiology in the context of the indirect/direct pathway model of the BG. Noting work that is inconsistent with an exclusive role of the direct pathway in promoting movement and indirect pathway inhibiting movement, they propose a revision of the model incorporating recent findings. Dynamic circuit motifs underlying rhythmic gain control, gating and integration   pp1031 - 1039 Thilo Womelsdorf, Taufik A Valiante, Ned T Sahin, Kai J Miller and Paul Tiesinga doi:10.1038/nn.3764 In this paper, Womelsdorf and colleagues review the recent advances in our understanding of how rhythmic activity across multiple frequency bands and brain areas affects neural computations. The authors suggest a dynamic tripartite motif framework that links the activity signatures of given circuits with their structural elements and the proposed computational output. Brief Communications Top miR-92a regulates expression of synaptic GluA1-containing AMPA receptors during homeostatic scaling   pp1040 - 1042 Mathieu Letellier, Sara Elramah, Magali Mondin, Anaïs Soula, Andrew Penn et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3762 Neurons make homeostatic adjustments to the strength of their synapses on the basis of their activity levels. Here the authors show the microRNA miR-92a represses the translation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluA1 and that, during activity blockade, its levels are reduced to increase the incorporation of new AMPA receptors. A spinal analog of memory reconsolidation enables reversal of hyperalgesia   pp1043 - 1045 Robert P Bonin and Yves De Koninck doi:10.1038/nn.3758 Sensitization leads to hyperalgesia and depends on mechanisms similar to those involved in memory formation. Here, Bonin and De Koninck find that hyperalgesia can be reversed by combining reactivation of peripheral afferents with spinal administration of a protein synthesis inhibitor, thereby identifying a spinal analogue of memory re-consolidation that enables erasing pain hypersensitivity. Advertisement The social brain meets the reactive genome: neuroscience, epigenetics and the new social biology (open access) In this hypothesis and theory article,Maurizio Meloni uses the current emergence of epigenetics and its link with neuroscience research as an example of the new, and in a way unprecedented, sociality of contemporary biology. Read more from Frontiers in Human Neuroscience   Articles Top Gene co-regulation by Fezf2 selects neurotransmitter identity and connectivity of corticospinal neurons   pp1046 - 1054 Simona Lodato, Bradley J Molyneaux, Emanuela Zuccaro, Loyal A Goff, Hsu-Hsin Chen et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3757 Fezf2 (Fezl) is a transcription factor that specifies corticospinal motor neurons (CSMN) originating from cortical layer 5b. Lodato et al. use cortical progenitor isolation from developing mouse brain and gene expression profiling to identify genes downstream of Fezf2 and demonstrate co-regulation of CSMN gene ensembles by Fezf2 in establishing CSMN cell identity. See also: News and Views by Ueno et al. Nuclear BK channels regulate gene expression via the control of nuclear calcium signaling   pp1055 - 1063 Boxing Li, Wei Jie, Lianyan Huang, Peng Wei, Shuji Li et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3744 Nuclear calcium levels affect gene expression, but little is known about how they are regulated. The authors show that large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels are present on the nuclear envelope in rodent hippocampal neurons. Blockade of nuclear BK channels revealed that they regulate nucleoplasmic Ca2+, gene expression and dendritic arborization. Transneuronal propagation of mutant huntingtin contributes to non-cell autonomous pathology in neurons   pp1064 - 1072 Eline Pecho-Vrieseling, Claus Rieker, Sascha Fuchs, Dorothee Bleckmann, Maria Soledad Esposito et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3761 Trans-neuronal transfer of pathogenic proteins has been demonstrated in multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Here the authors show in vitro and in a mouse model that mutant Huntingtin is also transferred from one neuron to another. This transfer requires exocytosis machinery and contributes to neurodegeneration. See also: News and Views by La Spada Translational control of mGluR-dependent long-term depression and object-place learning by eIF2α   pp1073 - 1082 Gonzalo Viana Di Prisco, Wei Huang, Shelly A Buffington, Chih-Chun Hsu, Penelope E Bonnen et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3754 The authors show that phosphorylation of the translation factor eIF2α is necessary and sufficient for mGluR-LTD. They identify mRNAs that are translated during mGluR-LTD and regulated by p-eIF2α, including Ophn1 as a key target. Deficient p-eIF2α-mediated translation impairs object-place learning, which requires mGluR-LTD. eIF2α phosphorylation may determine whether synapses undergo LTD or LTP. Acid-sensing ion channels contribute to synaptic transmission and inhibit cocaine-evoked plasticity   pp1083 - 1091 Collin J Kreple, Yuan Lu, Rebecca J Taugher, Andrea L Schwager-Gutman, Jianyang Du et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3750 Exposure to psychostimulants such as cocaine induces synaptic plasticity within the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and alters behavior. Here the authors find a new role for the acid-sensing channel 1A (ASIC1A) in excitatory transmission and plasticity within the NAc that contributes to cocaine-induced learning and self-administration. Orbitofrontal activation restores insight lost after cocaine use   pp1092 - 1099 Federica Lucantonio, Yuji K Takahashi, Alexander F Hoffman, Chun Yun Chang, Sheena Bali-Chaudhary et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3763 In this study, the authors show that neural correlates of insight, including synaptic efficacy in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), are lost in rodents which are allowed to self-administer cocaine, suggesting a link between drug use and adaptation to changing circumstances. Optogenetic activation of OFC pyramidal neurons was able to rescue these behaviors. Differences in the emergent coding properties of cortical and striatal ensembles   pp1100 - 1106 Liya Ma, James M Hyman, Adrian J Lindsay, Anthony G Phillips and Jeremy K Seamans doi:10.1038/nn.3753 In this study, the authors simultaneously recorded multiple neurons from the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the dorsal striatum (DS) as rats performed an action sequencing task. Sequence and lever decoding based on individual neuron activity was similar in the two regions, but decoding at the ensemble level was quite different. Reactivation of emergent task-related ensembles during slow-wave sleep after neuroprosthetic learning   pp1107 - 1113 Tanuj Gulati, Dhakshin S Ramanathan, Chelsea C Wong and Karunesh Ganguly doi:10.1038/nn.3759 Using a rodent neuroprosthetic model, the authors found that, after successful learning, task-related units specifically experienced increased locking and coherency to SWA during sleep, and spike-spike coherence among these units was significantly enhanced. These changes were not present with poor skill acquisition or after control awake periods, demonstrating specificity to learning. See also: News and Views by Harris Population coding of affect across stimuli, modalities and individuals   pp1114 - 1122 Junichi Chikazoe, Daniel H Lee, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte and Adam K Anderson doi:10.1038/nn.3749 The authors found human neuroimaging evidence that entire valence spectrum is represented as a collective pattern in regional neural activity, with sensory-specific signals in the ventral temporal and anterior insular cortices and abstract codes in the orbitofrontal cortices. In this way, the subjective quality of affect can be objectively quantified across stimuli, modalities and people. Technical Reports Top Noninvasive optical inhibition with a red-shifted microbial rhodopsin   pp1123 - 1129 Amy S Chuong, Mitra L Miri, Volker Busskamp, Gillian A C Matthews, Leah C Acker et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3752 In this Technical Report, Chuong and colleagues introduce Jaws, an archaeon-derived, photoactivatable chloride pump that responds to red light. Owing to its efficiency in absorbing red photons and its large photocurrent, Jaws can be transcranially activated deep in the brain and thus allows noninvasive optogenetic silencing. See also: News and Views by Smith & Smith Simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation and single-neuron recording in alert non-human primates   pp1130 - 1136 Jerel K Mueller, Erinn M Grigsby, Vincent Prevosto, Frank W Petraglia III, Hrishikesh Rao et al. doi:10.1038/nn.3751 This Technical Report describes new methods of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in non-human primates. By combining single neuron recording with a modified TMS coil with focused stimulation in alert macaques, the authors show that this method can reduce stimulation artifact and allow investigation into the neuronal mechanisms of TMS. 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