Scientific Reports Biology Table of Contents e-alert: 1 December 2015

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01 December 2015      • Visit Scientific Reports • Submit your manuscript to Scientific Reports     Welcome to your Table of Contents e-alert for Scientific Reports         Nature Outline Ovarian Cancer: Beyond Resistance   Ovarian cancer is one of the hardest to treat. As this Nature Outline and animation show, this is largely because many tumours develop resistance to first-line treatment: platinum-based chemotherapy. The good news is that experimental therapies in development could help to deliver a knockout blow to the deadly tumours. Available free online   Produced with support from Pharma Mar, S.A.            Biological Sciences               Fragmented mitochondrial genomes in two suborders of parasitic lice of eutherian mammals (Anoplura and Rhynchophthirina, Insecta) ▶     Renfu Shao, Stephen C Barker, Hu Li et al.     Parasitic lice (order Phthiraptera) infest birds and mammals. The typical animal mitochondrial (mt) genome organization, which consists of a single chromosome with 37 genes, was …             QUANTITY: An Isobaric Tag for Quantitative Glycomics ▶     Shuang Yang, Meiyao Wang, Lijun Chen et al.     Glycan is an important class of macromolecules that play numerous biological functions. Quantitative glycomics - analysis of glycans at global level - however, is far behind …             The role of Drosophila mismatch repair in suppressing recombination between diverged sequences ▶     Anthony T. Do, Jeannine R. LaRocque     DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) must be accurately repaired to maintain genomic integrity. DSBs can be repaired by homologous recombination (HR), which uses an identical sequence …             Zeolite Nanoparticles for Selective Sorption of Plasma Proteins ▶     M. Rahimi, E.-P. Ng, K. Bakhtiari et al.     The affinity of zeolite nanoparticles (diameter of 8–12 nm) possessing high surface area and high pore volume towards human plasma proteins has been investigated. The protein …             Crystal structure of CobK reveals strand-swapping between Rossmann-fold domains and molecular basis of the reduced precorrin product trap ▶     Shuang Gu, Oleksandr Sushko, Evelyne Deery et al.     CobK catalyzes the essential reduction of the precorrin ring in the cobalamin biosynthetic pathway. The crystal structure of CobK reveals that the enzyme, despite not having the …             Drug target prioritization by perturbed gene expression and network information ▶     Zerrin Isik, Christoph Baldow, Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci et al.     Drugs bind to their target proteins, which interact with downstream effectors and ultimately perturb the transcriptome of a cancer cell. These perturbations reveal information …             Sucrose metabolism gene families and their biological functions ▶     Shu-Ye Jiang, Yun-Hua Chi, Ji-Zhou Wang et al.     Sucrose, as the main product of photosynthesis, plays crucial roles in plant development. Although studies on general metabolism pathway were well documented, less information is …             Genome-wide expression analysis offers new insights into the origin and evolution of Physcomitrella patens stress response ▶     Basel Khraiwesh, Enas Qudeimat, Manjula Thimma et al.     Changes in the environment, such as those caused by climate change, can exert stress on plant growth, diversity and ultimately global food security. Thus, focused efforts to …             Environmental Surveillance of Genogroup I and II Noroviruses in Shandong Province, China in 2013 ▶     Zexin Tao, Minglei Xu, Xiaojuan Lin et al.     Noroviruses are the most common cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. However, the case-based surveillance is limited in China. In this study, we analyzed the results of …             An outbreak of artemisinin resistant falciparum malaria in Eastern Thailand ▶     Mallika Imwong, Thantip Jindakhad, Chanon Kunasol et al.     Artemisinin resistant falciparum malaria is an increasing problem in Southeast Asia, but has not been associated with increased transmission of the disease, yet. During a recent …             Quantitative Profiling of the Effects of Vanoxerine on Human Cardiac Ion Channels and its Application to Cardiac Risk ▶     Carlos A. Obejero-Paz, Andrew Bruening-Wright, James Kramer et al.     Vanoxerine has been in clinical trials for Parkinsonism, depression and cocaine addiction but lacked efficacy. Although a potent blocker of hERG, it produced no serious adverse …             Structure of Mycobacterium thermoresistibile GlgE defines novel conformational states that contribute to the catalytic mechanism ▶     Vitor Mendes, Michal Blaszczyk, Ana Maranha et al.     GlgE, an enzyme of the pathway that converts trehalose to α-glucans, is essential for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Inhibition of GlgE, which transfers maltose from a …             In Vivo Linking of Membrane Lipids and the Anion Transporter Band 3 with Thiourea-modified Amphiphilic Lipid Probes ▶     Akihiro Moriyama, Naohiro Katagiri, Shinichi Nishimura et al.     Membrane proteins interact with membrane lipids for their structural stability and proper function. However, lipid–protein interactions are poorly understood at a molecular level …             A cost-effective system for differentiation of intestinal epithelium from human induced pluripotent stem cells ▶     Soichiro Ogaki, Mayu Morooka, Kaito Otera et al.     The human intestinal epithelium is a useful model for pharmacological studies of absorption, metabolism, drug interactions, and toxicology, as well as for studies of …             A tool for determining duration of mortality events in archaeological assemblages using extant ungulate microwear ▶     Florent Rivals, Luce Prignano, Gina M. Semprebon et al.     The seasonality of human occupations in archaeological sites is highly significant for the study of hominin behavioural ecology, in particular the hunting strategies for their …             Migratory Restlessness and the Role of Androgen for Increasing Behavioral Drive in the Spawning Migration of the Japanese eel ▶     Ryusuke Sudo, Katsumi Tsukamoto     Migratory restlessness refers to a type of locomotor activity observed just before the onset of a migration. This behavior is primarily known in birds, where it is considered to …             Alkanols inhibit voltage-gated K+ channels via a distinct gating modifying mechanism that prevents gate opening ▶     Evelyn Martínez-Morales, Ivan Kopljar, Dirk J. Snyders et al.     Alkanols are small aliphatic compounds that inhibit voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels through a yet unresolved gating mechanism. Kv channels detect changes in the membrane potential …             Unsuppressed lipolysis in adipocytes is linked with enhanced gluconeogenesis and altered bile acid physiology in Insr/+P1195L/+ mice fed high-fat-diet ▶     Eun Young Lee, Kenichi Sakurai, Xilin Zhang et al.     High-fat diet (HFD) triggers insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus, but their link remains unclear. Characterization of overt hyperglycemia in insulin receptor mutant (Insr…             Isolation of exosomes by differential centrifugation: Theoretical analysis of a commonly used protocol ▶     Mikhail A. Livshts, Elena Khomyakova, Evgeniy G. Evtushenko et al.     Exosomes, small (40–100 nm) extracellular membranous vesicles, attract enormous research interest because they are carriers of disease markers and a prospective delivery system …             The fish diversity in the upper reaches of the Salween River, Nujiang River, revealed by DNA barcoding ▶     Weitao Chen, Xiuhui Ma, Yanjun Shen et al.     Nujiang River (NR), an essential component of the biodiversity hotspot of the Mountains of Southwest China, possesses a characteristic fish fauna and contains endemic species. …             Conjunctival fibrosis and the innate barriers to Chlamydia trachomatis intracellular infection: a genome wide association study ▶     Chrissy h. Roberts, Christopher S. Franklin, Pateh Makalo et al.     Chlamydia trachomatis causes both trachoma and sexually transmitted infections. These diseases have similar pathology and potentially similar genetic predisposing factors. We …             Therapeutic effect of baicalin on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mediated by SOCS3 regulatory pathway ▶     Yuan Zhang, Xing Li, Bogoljub Ciric et al.     Natural compounds derived from medicinal plants have long been considered a rich source of novel therapeutic agents. Baicalin (Ba) is a bioactive flavonoid compound derived from …             Local structure of human hair spatially resolved by sub-micron X-ray beam ▶     Vesna Stanić, Jefferson Bettini, Fabiano Emmanuel Montoro et al.     Human hair has three main regions, the medulla, the cortex, and the cuticle. An existing model for the cortex suggests that the α-keratin- based intermediate filaments (IFs) …             M1 of Murine Gamma-Herpesvirus 68 Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone Production ▶     Jiaying Feng, Danyang Gong, Xudong Fu et al.     Viruses rely on host chaperone network to support their infection. In particular, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident chaperones play key roles in synthesizing and processing …             The power of single molecule real-time sequencing technology in the de novo assembly of a eukaryotic genome ▶     Hiroaki Sakai, Ken Naito, Eri Ogiso-Tanaka et al.     Second-generation sequencers (SGS) have been game-changing, achieving cost-effective whole genome sequencing in many non-model organisms. However, a large portion of the genomes …             Effects of a discoloration-resistant calcium aluminosilicate cement on the viability and proliferation of undifferentiated human dental pulp stem cells ▶     Li-na Niu, Devon Watson, Kyle Thames et al.     Discoloration-resistant calcium aluminosilicate cement has been formulated to overcome the timely problem of tooth discoloration reported in the clinical application of bismuth …             Lovastatin blocks Kv1.3 channel in human T cells: a new mechanism to explain its immunomodulatory properties ▶     Ning Zhao, Qian Dong, Cheng Qian et al.     Lovastatin is a member of Statins, which are beneficial in a lot of immunologic cardiovascular diseases and T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Kv1.3 channel plays important …             Transcriptome analysis of human OXR1 depleted cells reveals its role in regulating the p53 signaling pathway ▶     Mingyi Yang, Xiaolin Lin, Alexander Rowe et al.     The oxidation resistance gene 1 (OXR1) is crucial for protecting against oxidative stress; however, its molecular function is unknown. We employed RNA sequencing to examine the …             Metformin suppressed the proliferation of LoVo cells and induced a time-dependent metabolic and transcriptional alteration ▶     Jiaojiao He, Ke Wang, Ningning Zheng et al.     Metformin is a widely used anti-diabetic drug with potential anti-tumor activity. However, little is known about its global metabolic and transcriptional impacts on tumor cells. …             Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 enhances bioavailability of serotonin in gut tissues through modulation of synthesis and clearance ▶     Jonathan Nzakizwanayo, Cinzia Dedi, Guy Standen et al.     Accumulating evidence shows indigenous gut microbes can interact with the human host through modulation of serotonin (5-HT) signaling. Here we investigate the impact of the …             Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) draft genome provides a platform for trait improvement ▶     Jose J. De Vega, Sarah Ayling, Matthew Hegarty et al.     Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is a globally significant forage legume in pastoral livestock farming systems. It is an attractive component of grassland farming, because of …             Human Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Enhances Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Persister Cells ▶     Geetika S. Choudhary, Xiangyu Yao, Jing Wang et al.     Bacterial persister cells are highly tolerant to antibiotics and cause chronic infections. However, little is known about the interaction between host immune systems with this …             Acute and additive toxicity of ten photosystem-II herbicides to seagrass ▶     Adam D. Wilkinson, Catherine J. Collier, Florita Flores et al.     Photosystem II herbicides are transported to inshore marine waters, including those of the Great Barrier Reef, and are usually detected in complex mixtures. These herbicides …             Pivotal Role of the Chromatin Protein Nupr1 in Kras-Induced Senescence and Transformation ▶     Daniel Grasso, Jennifer Bintz, Gwen Lomberk et al.     Nupr1 is a chromatin protein, which cooperates with KrasG12D to induce PanIN formation and pancreatic cancer development in mice, though the molecular mechanisms underlying this …             Inhibition of insulin fibrillation by osmolytes: Mechanistic Insights ▶     Sinjan Choudhary, Nand Kishore, Ramakrishna V. Hosur     We have studied here using a number of biophysical tools the effects of osmolytes, betaine, citrulline, proline and sorbitol which differ significantly in terms of their physical …             Probing Origin of Binding Difference of inhibitors to MDM2 and MDMX by Polarizable Molecular Dynamics Simulation and QM/MM-GBSA Calculation ▶     Jianzhong Chen, Jinan Wang, Qinggang Zhang et al.     Binding abilities of current inhibitors to MDMX are weaker than to MDM2. Polarizable molecular dynamics simulations (MD) followed by Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics …             Isolation and Identification of Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing-Related Micro-RNAs by Functionalized Silicon Nanowire Field-effect Transistor ▶     Kuan-I Chen, Chien-Yuan Pan, Keng-Hui Li et al.     Many transcribed RNAs are non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), which bind to complementary sequences on messenger RNAs to regulate the translation efficacy. Therefore, …             Mulberry fruit prevents LPS-induced NF-κB/pERK/MAPK signals in macrophages and suppresses acute colitis and colorectal tumorigenesis in mice ▶     Zhengjiang Qian, Zhiqin Wu, Lian Huang et al.     Here, we investigated the impact of mulberry fruit (MBF) extracts on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages, and the therapeutic …             Microenvironmental Hypoxia regulates FLT3 expression and biology in AML ▶     Silvia Sironi, Michaela Wagner, Alexander Kuett et al.     Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is a receptor tyrosine kinase constitutively expressed by acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) blasts. In addition, 25% of AML patients harbour a …             Targeted gold-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for CD163 detection in atherosclerosis by MRI ▶     Carlos Tarin, Monica Carril, Jose Luis Martin-Ventura et al.     CD163 is a membrane receptor expressed by macrophage lineage. Studies performed in atherosclerosis have shown that CD163 expression is increased at inflammatory sites, pointing …             Contrasting diel hysteresis between soil autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration in a desert ecosystem under different rainfall scenarios ▶     Weimin Song, Shiping Chen, Yadan Zhou et al.     Diel hysteresis occurs often between soil CO2 efflux (RS) and temperature, yet, little is known if diel hysteresis occurs in the two components of RS, i.e., autotrophic …             Genetic dosage and position effect of small supernumerary marker chromosome (sSMC) in human sperm nuclei in infertile male patient ▶     Marta Olszewska, Elzbieta Wanowska, Archana Kishore et al.     Chromosomes occupy specific distinct areas in the nucleus of the sperm cell that may be altered in males with disrupted spermatogenesis. Here, we present alterations in the …             CAP2 in cardiac conduction, sudden cardiac death and eye development ▶     Jeffrey Field, Diana Z. Ye, Manasi Shinde et al.     Sudden cardiac death kills 180,000 to 450,000 Americans annually, predominantly males. A locus that confers a risk for sudden cardiac death, cardiac conduction disease, and a …             Bones hold the key to DNA virus history and epidemiology ▶     M. Toppinen, M. F. Perdomo, J. U. Palo et al.     DNA in human skeletal remains represents an important historical source of host genomic information and potentially of infecting viruses. However, little is known about viral …             Assembly of the MHC I peptide-loading complex determined by a conserved ionic lock-switch ▶     Andreas Blees, Katrin Reichel, Simon Trowitzsch et al.     Salt bridges in lipid bilayers play a decisive role in the dynamic assembly and downstream signaling of the natural killer and T-cell receptors. Here, we describe the …             Conservation and Role of Electrostatics in Thymidylate Synthase ▶     Divita Garg, Stephane Skouloubris, Julien Briffotaux et al.     Conservation of function across families of orthologous enzymes is generally accompanied by conservation of their active site electrostatic potentials. To study the electrostatic …             Distinct colicin M-like bacteriocin-immunity pairs in Burkholderia ▶     Maarten G. K. Ghequire, René De Mot     The Escherichia coli bacteriocin colicin M (ColM) acts via degradation of the cell wall precursor lipid II in target cells. ColM producers avoid self-inhibition by a periplasmic …             In Vivo Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging of Subcortical Brain Function ▶     Qinggong Tang, Vassiliy Tsytsarev, Chia-Pin Liang et al.     The whisker system of rodents is an excellent model to study peripherally evoked neural activity in the brain. Discrete neural modules represent each whisker in the somatosensory …             Impaired ATP6V0A2 expression contributes to Golgi dispersion and glycosylation changes in senescent cells ▶     Miyako Udono, Kaoru Fujii, Gakuro Harada et al.     Many genes and signaling pathways have been found to be involved in cellular senescence program. In the present study, we have identified 16 senescence-associated genes by …             Accelerated apoptotic death and in vivo turnover of erythrocytes in mice lacking functional mitogen- and stress-activated kinase MSK1/2 ▶     Elisabeth Lang, Rosi Bissinger, Abul Fajol et al.     The mitogen- and stress-activated kinase MSK1/2 plays a decisive role in apoptosis. In analogy to apoptosis of nucleated cells, suicidal erythrocyte death called eryptosis is …             Increased diversity of egg-associated bacteria on brown trout (Salmo trutta) at elevated temperatures ▶     Laetitia G. E. Wilkins, Aude Rogivue, Frédéric Schütz et al.     The taxonomic composition of egg-associated microbial communities can play a crucial role in the development of fish embryos. In response, hosts increasingly influence the …             Epidemiology study of HBV genotypes and antiviral drug resistance in multi-ethnic regions from Western China ▶     Qi Zhang, Yun Liao, Jie Chen et al.     Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a critical global health issue and moderately epidemic in Western China, but HBV molecular epidemiology characteristics are still limited. We …             In vitro follicle growth supports human oocyte meiotic maturation ▶     Shuo Xiao, Jiyang Zhang, Megan M. Romero et al.     In vitro follicle growth is a potential approach to preserve fertility for young women who are facing a risk of premature ovarian failure (POF) caused by radiation or …             Formaldehyde scavengers function as novel antigen retrieval agents ▶     Craig T. Vollert, Wilna J. Moree, Steven Gregory et al.     Antigen retrieval agents improve the detection of formaldehyde-fixed proteins, but how they work is not well understood. We demonstrate that formaldehyde scavenging represents a …             Delivery of cell-penetrating peptide-peptide nucleic acid conjugates by assembly on an oligonucleotide scaffold ▶     Xing-Liang Zhao, Bi-Cheng Chen, Jin-Chao Han et al.     Delivery to intracellular target sites is still one of the main obstacles in the development of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as antisense-antigene therapeutics. Here, we designed …             A novel algorithm for analyzing drug-drug interactions from MEDLINE literature ▶     Yin Lu, Dan Shen, Maxwell Pietsch et al.     Drug–drug interaction (DDI) is becoming a serious clinical safety issue as the use of multiple medications becomes more common. Searching the MEDLINE database for journal …             Cultured enterocytes internalise bacteria across their basolateral surface for, pathogen-inhibitable, trafficking to the apical compartment ▶     Paul Dean, Sabine Quitard, David M. Bulmer et al.     In vitro- and in vivo-polarised absorptive epithelia (enterocytes) are considered to be non-phagocytic towards bacteria with invasive pathogenic strains relying on virulence …             Function of desiccate in gustatory sensilla of drosophila melanogaster ▶     Takeshi Kawano, Masasuke Ryuda, Hitoshi Matsumoto et al.     Desiccate (Desi), initially discovered as a gene expressing in the epidermis of Drosophila larvae for protection from desiccation stress, was recently found to be robustly …             Synthetic pheromones and plant volatiles alter the expression of chemosensory genes in Spodoptera exigua ▶     Xinlong Wan, Kai Qian, Yongjun Du     Pheromone and plant odorants are important for insect mating, foraging food sources and oviposition. To understand the molecular mechanisms regulating pheromone and odorant …             PExFInS: An Integrative Post-GWAS Explorer for Functional Indels and SNPs ▶     Zhongshan Cheng, Hin Chu, Yanhui Fan et al.     Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) mapping and linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis have been widely employed to interpret findings of genome-wide association studies …             Tandem Spinach Array for mRNA Imaging in Living Bacterial Cells ▶     Jichuan Zhang, Jingyi Fei, Benjamin J. Leslie et al.     Live cell RNA imaging using genetically encoded fluorescent labels is an important tool for monitoring RNA activities. A recently reported RNA aptamer-fluorogen system, the …             Pericolactines A–C, a New Class of Diterpenoid Alkaloids with Unusual Tetracyclic Skeleton ▶     Yue-Hua Wu, Guo-Dong Chen, Rong-Rong He et al.     Fusicoccane diterpenoids usually possess a fused 5-8-5 tricyclic ring system, which are biogenetically generated from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP). In our report, three …             Genetic-deletion of Cyclooxygenase-2 Downstream Prostacyclin Synthase Suppresses Inflammatory Reactions but Facilitates Carcinogenesis, unlike Deletion of Microsomal Prostaglandin E Synthase-1 ▶     Yuka Sasaki, Shuhei Kamiyama, Azusa Kamiyama et al.     Prostacyclin synthase (PGIS) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) are prostaglandin (PG) terminal synthases that function downstream of inducible cyclooxygenase …             The mechanism for microsporidian parasite suppression of the hindgut bacteria of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria manilensis ▶     Shu-qian Tan, Kai-qi Zhang, Hong-xing Chen et al.     Locusts aggregate into bands of nymphs and swarms of adults that can pose a major threat to crop. Previous studies have shown that infection by the microsporidian parasite …             Functional analysis of the 11q23.3 glioma susceptibility locus implicates PHLDB1 and DDX6 in glioma susceptibility ▶     Rebekah Baskin, Nicholas T. Woods, Gustavo Mendoza-Fandiño et al.     Glioma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor and is associated with poor prognosis. Genetic factors contributing to glioma risk have recently been investigated through …             Small-scale pig farmers’ behavior, silent release of African swine fever virus and consequences for disease spread ▶     Solenne Costard, Francisco J. Zagmutt, Thibaud Porphyre et al.     The expanding distribution of African swine fever (ASF) is threatening the pig industry worldwide. Most outbreaks occur in backyard and small-scale herds, where poor farmers …             Probing protein interactions in living mammalian cells on a microtubule bench ▶     Mirela Boca, Dmitry A. Kretov, Bénédicte Desforges et al.     Microtubules are μm-long cylinders of about 25 nm in diameter which are present in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Here, we have developed a new method which uses these …             Multimodal targeted high relaxivity thermosensitive liposome for in vivo imaging ▶     Maayke M. P. Kuijten, M. Hannah Degeling, John W. Chen et al.     Liposomes are spherical, self-closed structures formed by lipid bilayers that can encapsulate drugs and/or imaging agents in their hydrophilic core or within their membrane …             VASP, zyxin and TES are tension-dependent members of Focal Adherens Junctions independent of the α-catenin-vinculin module ▶     Joppe Oldenburg, Gerard van der Krogt, Floor Twiss et al.     Mechanical forces are integrated at cadherin-based adhesion complexes to regulate morphology and strength of cell-cell junctions and organization of associated F-actin. A central …             Structural delineation of stem-loop RNA binding by human TAF15 protein ▶     Maruthi Kashyap, Akshay Kumar Ganguly, Neel Sarovar Bhavesh     Human TATA binding protein associated factor 2 N (TAF15) and Fused in sarcoma (FUS) are nucleic acid binding proteins belonging to the conserved FET family of proteins. They are …             ω-Tbo-IT1–New Inhibitor of Insect Calcium Channels Isolated from Spider Venom ▶     Alexander N. Mikov, Irina M. Fedorova, Natalia N. Potapieva et al.     Novel disulfide-containing polypeptide toxin was discovered in the venom of the Tibellus oblongus spider. We report on isolation, spatial structure determination and …             Development of Endothelial-Specific Single Inducible Lentiviral Vectors for Genetic Engineering of Endothelial Progenitor Cells ▶     Guanghua Yang, M. Gabriela Kramer, Veronica Fernandez-Ruiz et al.     Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are able to migrate to tumor vasculature. These cells, if genetically modified, can be used as vehicles to deliver toxic material to, or …             pH-susceptibility of HLA-DO tunes DO/DM ratios to regulate HLA-DM catalytic activity ▶     Wei Jiang, Michael J. Strohman, Sriram Somasundaram et al.     The peptide-exchange catalyst, HLA-DM, and its inhibitor, HLA-DO control endosomal generation of peptide/class II major histocompatibility protein (MHC-II) complexes; these …             Aminopeptidase T of M29 Family Acts as A Novel Intracellular Virulence Factor for Listeria monocytogenes Infection ▶     Changyong Cheng, Xiaowen Wang, Zhimei Dong et al.     The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes employs a number of virulence determinants including metalloproteases to infect hosts. Here for the first time, we identified an M29 …             Severity of DSS-induced colitis is reduced in Ido1-deficient mice with down-regulation of TLR-MyD88-NF-kB transcriptional networks ▶     Woo-Jeong Shon, Young-Kwan Lee, Ji Hee Shin et al.     Indoleamine 2,3 -dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyzes L-tryptophan to kynurenine in the first and rate-limiting step of tryptophan metabolism. IDO1 is expressed widely throughout the …             Convergence of microbial assimilations of soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur in terrestrial ecosystems ▶     Xiaofeng Xu, Dafeng Hui, Anthony W. King et al.     How soil microbes assimilate carbon-C, nitrogen-N, phosphorus-P, and sulfur-S is fundamental for understanding nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. We compiled a global …             Additive Manufacturing of a Microbial Fuel Cell—A detailed study ▶     Flaviana Calignano, Tonia Tommasi, Diego Manfredi et al.     In contemporary society we observe an everlasting permeation of electron devices, smartphones, portable computing tools. The tiniest living organisms on Earth could become the …             Characterization of an Injury Induced Population of Muscle-Derived Stem Cell-Like Cells ▶     Kinga Vojnits, HaiYing Pan, Xiaodong Mu et al.     We recently discovered a novel population of stem cells from the injured murine skeletal muscle. These injury induced muscle-derived stem cell-like cells (iMuSCs) are partially …             Polychromatic polarization microscope: bringing colors to a colorless world ▶     Michael Shribak     Interference of two combined white light beams produces Newton colors if one of the beams is retarded relative to the other by from 400 nm to 2000 nm. In this case the …             Hybrid QM/MM study of FMO complex with polarized protein-specific charge ▶     Xiangyu Jia, Ye Mei, John Z.H. Zhang et al.     The Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) light-harvesting complex is now one of the primary model systems for the study of excitation energy transfer (EET). However, the mechanism of the …             Tuneable endogenous mammalian target complementation via multiplexed plasmid-based recombineering ▶     Violeta Beltran-Sastre, Hannah Benisty, Julia Burnier et al.     Understanding the quantitative functional consequences of human disease mutations requires silencing of endogenous genes and expression of mutants at close to physiological …             Add-on Protective Effect of Pentoxifylline in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Treated with Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Blockade - A Nationwide Database Analysis ▶     Ko-Lin Kuo, Szu-Chun Hung, Jia-Sin Liu et al.     A combination therapy of pentoxifylline with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) decreased proteinuria or glomerular …             Genome-wide DNA methylation map of human neutrophils reveals widespread inter-individual epigenetic variation ▶     Aniruddha Chatterjee, Peter A. Stockwell, Euan J. Rodger et al.     The extent of variation in DNA methylation patterns in healthy individuals is not yet well documented. Identification of inter-individual epigenetic variation is important for …             Cognitive requirements of cumulative culture: teaching is useful but not essential ▶     Elena Zwirner, Alex Thornton     The cumulative nature of human culture is unique in the animal kingdom. Progressive improvements in tools and technologies have facilitated humanity’s spread across the globe and …             TAL effectors mediate high-efficiency transposition of the piggyBac transposon in silkworm Bombyx mori L ▶     Lupeng Ye, Zhengying You, Qiujie Qian et al.     The piggyBac (PB) transposon is one of the most useful transposable elements, and has been successfully used for genetic manipulation in more than a dozen species. However, the …             Analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath to diagnose ventilator-associated pneumonia ▶     Ronny Schnabel, Rianne Fijten, Agnieszka Smolinska et al.     Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a nosocomial infection occurring in the intensive care unit (ICU). The diagnostic standard is based on clinical criteria and …             Development and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detecting the highly benzimidazole-resistant isolates in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum ▶     Ya Bing Duan, Ying Yang, Jian Xin Wang et al.     Resistance of benzimidazole fungicides is related to the point mutation of the β-tubulin gene in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The point mutation at codon 198 (GAG → GCG, E198A) …             Protein-protein interaction networks identify targets which rescue the MPP+ cellular model of Parkinson’s disease ▶     Harriet Keane, Brent J. Ryan, Brendan Jackson et al.     Neurodegenerative diseases are complex multifactorial disorders characterised by the interplay of many dysregulated physiological processes. As an exemplar, Parkinson’s disease …             Identification of a novel cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide from ducks and determination of its functional activity and antibacterial mechanism ▶     Wei Gao, Liwei Xing, Pei Qu et al.     The family of antimicrobial peptide, cathelicidins, which plays important roles against infections in animals, has been identified from many species. Here, we identified a novel …             Intra- and inter-nucleosomal interactions of the histone H4 tail revealed with a human nucleosome core particle with genetically-incorporated H4 tetra-acetylation ▶     Masatoshi Wakamori, Yoshifumi Fujii, Noriyuki Suka et al.     Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of histones, such as lysine acetylation of the N-terminal tails, play crucial roles in controlling gene expression. Due to the difficulty …             Nap sleep spindle correlates of intelligence ▶     Péter P. Ujma, Róbert Bódizs, Ferenc Gombos et al.     Sleep spindles are thalamocortical oscillations in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, that play an important role in sleep-related neuroplasticity and offline information …             Diverse Roles of Axonemal Dyneins in Drosophila Auditory Neuron Function and Mechanical Amplification in Hearing ▶     Somdatta Karak, Julie S. Jacobs, Maike Kittelmann et al.     Much like vertebrate hair cells, the chordotonal sensory neurons that mediate hearing in Drosophila are motile and amplify the mechanical input of the ear. Because the neurons …             Inferring the hosts of coronavirus using dual statistical models based on nucleotide composition ▶     Qin Tang, Yulong Song, Mijuan Shi et al.     Many coronaviruses are capable of interspecies transmission. Some of them have caused worldwide panic as emerging human pathogens in recent years, e.g., severe acute respiratory …             SLCO1B1 Variants and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (Enalapril) -Induced Cough: a Pharmacogenetic Study ▶     Jian-Quan Luo, Fa-Zhong He, Zhen-Min Wang et al.     Clinical observations suggest that incidence of cough in Chinese taking angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors is much higher than other racial groups. Cough is the most common …             Aroma improvement by repeated freeze-thaw treatment during Tuber melanosporum fermentation ▶     Deng-Rong Xiao, Rui-Sang Liu, Long He et al.     The aroma attributes of sulfurous, mushroom and earthy are the most important characteristics of the aroma of Tuber melanosporum. However, these three aroma attributes are absent …             Differential roles of the hemerythrin-like proteins of Mycobacterium smegmatis in hydrogen peroxide and erythromycin susceptibility ▶     Xiaojing Li, Jingjing Li, Xinling Hu et al.     Hemerythrin-like proteins are oxygen-carrying non-heme di-iron binding proteins and their functions have effect on oxidation-reduction regulation and antibiotic resistance. …             The Molecular Karyotype of 25 Clinical-Grade Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines ▶     Maurice A. Canham, Amy Van Deusen, Daniel R. Brison et al.     The application of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) derivatives to regenerative medicine is now becoming a reality. Although the vast majority of hESC lines have been derived for …             Fitting Proportional Odds Model to Case-Control data with Incorporating Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium ▶     Wei Zhang, Zehui Zhang, Xinmin Li et al.     Genetic association studies have been proved to be an efficient tool to reveal the aetiology of many human complex diseases and traits. When the phenotype is binary, the logistic …             Defining an additivity framework for mixture research in inducible whole-cell biosensors ▶     K. Martin-Betancor, C. Ritz, F. Fernández-Piñas et al.     A novel additivity framework for mixture effect modelling in the context of whole cell inducible biosensors has been mathematically developed and implemented in R. The proposed …             Structural bases for neurophysiological investigations of amygdaloid complex of the brain ▶     Liliya B. Kalimullina, Kh. A. Kalkamanov, Azat V. Akhmadeev et al.     Amygdala (Am) as a part of limbic system of the brain defines such important functions as adaptive behavior of animals, formation of emotions and memory, regulation of endocrine …             High nutrient-use efficiency during early seedling growth in diverse Grevillea species (Proteaceae) ▶     Tianhua He, William M. Fowler, Casey L. Causley     Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the rich floristic diversity in regions characterised by nutrient-impoverished soils; however, none of these hypotheses have been …             Surveying the endomicrobiome and ectomicrobiome of bark beetles: The case of Dendroctonus simplex ▶     Audrey-Anne Durand, Amélie Bergeron, Philippe Constant et al.     Many bark beetles belonging to the Dendroctonus genus carry bacterial and fungal microbiota, forming a symbiotic complex that helps the insect to colonize the subcortical …             Armored kinorhynch-like scalidophoran animals from the early Cambrian ▶     Huaqiao Zhang, Shuhai Xiao, Yunhuan Liu et al.     Morphology-based phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of the Scalidophora (Kinorhyncha, Loricifera, Priapulida) and Nematoida (Nematoda, Nematomorpha), together …             Exploiting a moment of weakness: male spiders escape sexual cannibalism by copulating with moulting females ▶     Gabriele Uhl, Stefanie M. Zimmer, Dirk Renner et al.     Sexual cannibalism is a particularly extreme example of conflict between the sexes, depriving the male of future reproduction. Theory predicts that sexual conflict should induce …             Parvalbumin-positive interneurons of the prefrontal cortex support working memory and cognitive flexibility ▶     Andrew J. Murray, Marta U. Woloszynowska-Fraser, Laura Ansel-Bollepalli et al.     Dysfunction of parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic interneurons (PVIs) within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been implicated in schizophrenia pathology. It is however unclear, …             A chimeolysin with extended-spectrum streptococcal host range found by an induced lysis-based rapid screening method ▶     Hang Yang, Sara B. Linden, Jing Wang et al.     The increasing emergence of multi-drug resistant streptococci poses a serious threat to public health worldwide. Bacteriophage lysins are promising alternatives to antibiotics; …             Clinicopathologic significance of legumain overexpression in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis ▶     Ye Zhen, Guo Chunlei, Shen Wenzhi et al.     Since reports on the clinical significance of legumain in cancer have shown inconsistent results, we systematically evaluated clinical indicators of legumain in cancer. We …             A community split among dolphins: the effect of social relationships on the membership of new communities ▶     Miki Nishita, Miki Shirakihara, Masao Amano     Little is known about community splitting among dolphins because such events are rare in dolphin populations. A case of a community split was confirmed in a population of …             In-depth proteomic analysis of shell matrix proteins of Pinctada fucata ▶     Chuang Liu, Shiguo Li, Jingjing Kong et al.     The shells of pearl oysters, Pinctada fucata, are composed of calcite and aragonite and possess remarkable mechanical properties. These shells are formed under the regulation of …             Peaches Preceded Humans: Fossil Evidence from SW China ▶     Tao Su, Peter Wilf, Yongjiang Huang et al.     Peach (Prunus persica, Rosaceae) is an extremely popular tree fruit worldwide, with an annual production near 20 million tons. Peach is widely thought to have origins in China, …             The impact of temperature on microbial diversity and AOA activity in the Tengchong Geothermal Field, China ▶     Haizhou Li, Qunhui Yang, Jian Li et al.     Using a culture-independent method that combines CARD-FISH, qPCR and 16S rDNA, we investigated the abundance, community structure and diversity of microbes along a steep thermal …             Identification of potential inhibitors based on compound proposal contest: Tyrosine-protein kinase Yes as a target ▶     Shuntaro Chiba, Kazuyoshi Ikeda, Takashi Ishida et al.     A search of broader range of chemical space is important for drug discovery. Different methods of computer-aided drug discovery (CADD) are known to propose compounds in different …             A rice tonoplastic calcium exchanger, OsCCX2 mediates Ca2+/cation transport in yeast ▶     Akhilesh K. Yadav, Alka Shankar, Saroj K. Jha et al.     In plant cell, cations gradient in cellular compartments is maintained by synergistic action of various exchangers, pumps and channels. The Arabidopsis exchanger family members …             Fluoride-containing podophyllum derivatives exhibit antitumor activities through enhancing mitochondrial apoptosis pathway by increasing the expression of caspase-9 in HeLa cells ▶     Wei Zhao, Yong Yang, Ya-Xuan Zhang et al.     This work aims to provide sampling of halogen-containing aniline podophyllum derivatives and their mode of action with an in-depth comparison among fluorine, chloride and bromide …             Downregulation of the small GTPase SAR1A: a key event underlying alcohol-induced Golgi fragmentation in hepatocytes ▶     Armen Petrosyan, Pi-Wan Cheng, Dahn L. Clemens et al.     The hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) is posttranslationally modified in the Golgi en route to the plasma membrane, where it mediates clearance of desialylated serum …             Adaptation to acetaminophen exposure elicits major changes in expression and distribution of the hepatic proteome ▶     R. Eakins, J. Walsh, L. Randle et al.     Acetaminophen overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure. One dose of 10–15 g causes severe liver damage in humans, whereas repeated exposure to acetaminophen in humans …             Development and evaluation of an up-converting phosphor technology-based lateral flow assay for rapid detection of Francisella tularensis ▶     Fei Hua, Pingping Zhang, Fuli Zhang et al.     Francisella tularensis is a potential biowarfare/bioterrorism agent and zoonotic pathogen that causes tularemia; thus, surveillance of F. tularensis and first-level emergency …             Impact of a wastewater treatment plant on microbial community composition and function in a hyporheic zone of a eutrophic river ▶     Siavash Atashgahi, Rozelin Aydin, Mauricio R. Dimitrov et al.     The impact of the installation of a technologically advanced wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) on the benthic microbial community of a vinyl chloride (VC) impacted eutrophic …             Decreased Diversity of the Oral Microbiota of Patients with Hepatitis B Virus-Induced Chronic Liver Disease: A Pilot Project ▶     Zongxin Ling, Xia Liu, Yiwen Cheng et al.     Increasing evidence suggests that altered gut microbiota is implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus-induced chronic liver disease (HBV-CLD). However, the structure …             Rescue from tau-induced neuronal dysfunction produces insoluble tau oligomers ▶     Catherine M. Cowan, Shmma Quraishe, Sarah Hands et al.     Aggregation of highly phosphorylated tau is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. Nevertheless, animal models demonstrate that tau-mediated …             Resting-state cerebellar-cerebral networks are differently affected in first-episode, drug-naive schizophrenia patients and unaffected siblings ▶     Wenbin Guo, Feng Liu, Jindong Chen et al.     Dysconnectivity hypothesis posits that schizophrenia is a disorder with dysconnectivity of the cortico-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuit (CCTCC). However, it remains unclear …             Fibulin-4 deficiency increases TGF-β signalling in aortic smooth muscle cells due to elevated TGF-β2 levels ▶     N. W. M. Ramnath, L. J. A. C. Hawinkels, P. M. van Heijningen et al.     Fibulins are extracellular matrix proteins associated with elastic fibres. Homozygous Fibulin-4 mutations lead to life-threatening abnormalities such as aortic aneurysms. Aortic …             The distribution and characteristics of LDL receptor mutations in China: A systematic review ▶     Long Jiang, Li-Yuan Sun, Yan-Fang Dai et al.     Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is a common and serious dominant genetic disease, and its main pathogenic gene is the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene. This study …             HIV-1 Tat protein enhances the intracellular growth of Leishmania amazonensis via the ds-RNA induced protein PKR ▶     Áislan de Carvalho Vivarini, Renata de Meirelles Santos Pereira, Victor Barreto-de-Souza et al.     HIV-1 co-infection with human parasitic diseases is a growing public health problem worldwide. Leishmania parasites infect and replicate inside macrophages, thereby subverting …             Harpin Hpa1 Interacts with Aquaporin PIP1;4 to Promote the Substrate Transport and Photosynthesis in Arabidopsis ▶     Liang Li, Hao Wang, Jorge Gago et al.     Harpin proteins produced by plant-pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria are the venerable player in regulating bacterial virulence and inducing plant growth and defenses. A major gap …             Genetic polymorphisms of PCSK2 are associated with glucose homeostasis and progression to type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population ▶     Tien-Jyun Chang, Yen-Feng Chiu, Wayne H-H. Sheu et al.     Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 2 (PCSK2) is a prohormone processing enzyme involved in insulin and glucagon biosynthesis. We previously found the genetic …             Time-lapse electrical impedance spectroscopy for monitoring the cell cycle of single immobilized S. pombe cells ▶     Zhen Zhu, Olivier Frey, Niels Haandbaek et al.     As a complement and alternative to optical methods, wide-band electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) enables multi-parameter, label-free and real-time detection of cellular and …             Magnetite-Amyloid-β deteriorates activity and functional organization in an in vitro model for Alzheimer’s disease ▶     Sara Teller, Islam Bogachan Tahirbegi, Mònica Mir et al.     The understanding of the key mechanisms behind human brain deterioration in Alzheimer’ disease (AD) is a highly active field of research. The most widespread hypothesis considers …             Compatibility between mitochondrial and nuclear genomes correlates with the quantitative trait of lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans ▶     Zuobin Zhu, Qing Lu, Fangfang Zeng et al.     Mutations in mitochondrial genome have epistatic effects on organisms depending on the nuclear background, but a role for the compatibility of mitochondrial-nuclear genomes …             Determination of Hemicellulose, Cellulose and Lignin in Moso Bamboo by Near Infrared Spectroscopy ▶     Xiaoli Li, Chanjun Sun, Binxiong Zhou et al.     The contents of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin are important for moso bamboo processing in biomass energy industry. The feasibility of using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy …             A new animal model of placebo analgesia: involvement of the dopaminergic system in reward learning ▶     In-Seon Lee, Bombi Lee, Hi-Joon Park et al.     We suggest a new placebo analgesia animal model and investigated the role of the dopamine and opioid systems in placebo analgesia. Before and after the conditioning, we conducted …             Vocal individuality cues in the African penguin (Spheniscus demersus): a source-filter theory approach ▶     Livio Favaro, Marco Gamba, Chiara Alfieri et al.     The African penguin is a nesting seabird endemic to southern Africa. In penguins of the genus Spheniscus vocalisations are important for social recognition. However, it is not …             Identification of Synergistic, Clinically Achievable, Combination Therapies for Osteosarcoma ▶     Diana Yu, Elliot Kahen, Christopher L. Cubitt et al.     Systemic therapy has improved osteosarcoma event-free and overall survival, but 30–50% of patients originally diagnosed will have progressive or recurrent disease, which is …             Elucidating the Mechanism of Weissella-dependent Lifespan Extension in Caenorhabditis elegans ▶     Jiyun Lee, Gayeung Kwon, Young-Hee Lim     The mechanism whereby lactic acid bacteria extend the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans has previously been elucidated. However, the role of Weissella species has yet not been …             Comparative genomics and genome biology of invasive Campylobacter jejuni ▶     C. P. A. Skarp, O. Akinrinade, A. J. E. Nilsson et al.     Campylobacter jejuni is a major pathogen in bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and can cause bacteremia in severe cases. C. jejuni is highly structured into clonal lineages of …             Phenotypic and genomic comparisons of highly vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains developed from multiple clinical MRSA strains by in vitro mutagenesis ▶     Kenichi Ishii, Fumiaki Tabuchi, Miki Matsuo et al.     The development of vancomycin (VCM) resistance in Staphylococcus aureus threatens global health. Studies of the VCM-resistance mechanism and alternative therapeutic strategies …             A mechanism of glucose tolerance and stimulation of GH1 β-glucosidases ▶     Yang Yang, Xinxin Zhang, Qiang Yin et al.     β-Glucosidases are enzymes that hydrolyze β-glycosidic bonds to release non-reducing terminal glucosyl residues from glycosides and oligosaccharides, and thus have significant …             Spatial-frequency dependent binocular imbalance in amblyopia ▶     MiYoung Kwon, Emily Wiecek, Steven C. Dakin et al.     While amblyopia involves both binocular imbalance and deficits in processing high spatial frequency information, little is known about the spatial-frequency dependence of …             An Insight into Recombination with Enterovirus Species C and Nucleotide G-480 Reversion from the Viewpoint of Neurovirulence of Vaccine-Derived Polioviruses ▶     Yong Zhang, Dongmei Yan, Shuangli Zhu et al.     A poliomyelitis outbreak caused by type 1 circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) was identified in China in 2004. Six independent cVDPVs (eight isolates) could be …             A new application of click chemistry in situ: development of fluorescent probe for specific G-quadruplex topology ▶     Ming-Hao Hu, Xiao Chen, Shuo-Bin Chen et al.     Target-guided synthesis is an approach to drug discovery that allows the target to self-assemble its own binding agents. So far, target-guided synthesis and especially in situ …             Cellular cooperation with shift updating and repulsion ▶     Andreas Pavlogiannis, Krishnendu Chatterjee, Ben Adlam et al.     Population structure can facilitate evolution of cooperation. In a structured population, cooperators can form clusters which resist exploitation by defectors. Recently, it was …             MacroH2A1 associates with nuclear lamina and maintains chromatin architecture in mouse liver cells ▶     Yuhua Fu, Pin Lv, Guoquan Yan et al.     In the interphase nucleus, chromatin is organized into three-dimensional conformation to coordinate genome functions. The lamina-chromatin association is important to facilitate …             Prognostic significance of distal subtotal gastrectomy with standard D2 and extended D2 lymphadenectomy for locally advanced gastric cancer ▶     Chun-Dong Zhang, Ming-Yang Shen, Jia-Kui Zhang et al.     This study was conducted to investigate prognosis and survival of patients undergoing distal subtotal gastrectomy with D2 and D2+ lymphadenectomy for patients with locally …             Photoinhibition of Phaeocystis globosa resulting from oxidative stress induced by a marine algicidal bacterium Bacillus sp. LP-10 ▶     Chengwei Guan, Xiaoyun Guo, Yi Li et al.     Harmful algal blooms caused by Phaeocystis globosa have resulted in staggering losses to coastal countries because of their world-wide distribution. Bacteria have been studied …             Recombination and selection in the major histocompatibility complex of the endangered forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) ▶     Ruibo Cai, Aaron B.A. Shafer, Alice Laguardia et al.     The forest musk deer (Moschus berezovskii) is a high elevation species distributed across western China and northern Vietnam. Once abundant, habitat loss and poaching has led to …             Genetic adaptations of the plateau zokor in high-elevation burrows ▶     Yong Shao, Jin-Xiu Li, Ri-Li Ge et al.     The plateau zokor (Myospalax baileyi) spends its entire life underground in sealed burrows. Confronting limited oxygen and high carbon dioxide concentrations, and complete …             Widespread Positive Selection Drives Differentiation of Centromeric Proteins in the Drosophila melanogaster subgroup ▶     Emily A. Beck, Ana Llopart     Rapid evolution of centromeric satellite repeats is thought to cause compensatory amino acid evolution in interacting centromere-associated kinetochore proteins. Cid, a protein …             Body visual discontinuity affects feeling of ownership and skin conductance responses ▶     Gaetano Tieri, Emmanuele Tidoni, Enea Francesco Pavone et al.     When we look at our hands we are immediately aware that they belong to us and we rarely doubt about the integrity, continuity and sense of ownership of our bodies. Here we …             Metagenomic insights into communities, functions of endophytes, and their associates with infection by root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in tomato roots ▶     Bao-Yu Tian, Yi Cao, Ke-Qin Zhang     Endophytes are known to play important roles in plant’s health and productivity. In this study, we investigated the root microbiome of tomato in association with infection by …             GPRC6A mediates Alum-induced Nlrp3 inflammasome activation but limits Th2 type antibody responses ▶     Dagmar Quandt, Kathrin Rothe, Christoph Baerwald et al.     Alum adjuvanticity is still an unknown mechanism despite the frequent use as vaccine adjuvant in humans. Here we show that Alum-induced inflammasome activation in vitro and in …             Trait-related decision making impairment in obsessive-compulsive disorder: evidence from decision making under ambiguity but not decision making under risk ▶     Long Zhang, Yi Dong, Yifu Ji et al.     This study aimed to investigate whether deficits in decision making were potential endophenotype markers for OCD considering different phases of the disease. Fifty-seven …             Integrated network model provides new insights into castration-resistant prostate cancer ▶     Yanling Hu, Yinmin Gu, Huimin Wang et al.     Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the main challenge for prostate cancer treatment. Recent studies have indicated that extending the treatments to simultaneously …             Tumor-selective use of DNA base excision repair inhibition in pancreatic cancer using the NQO1 bioactivatable drug, β-lapachone ▶     Gaurab Chakrabarti, Molly A. Silvers, Mariya Ilcheva et al.     Base excision repair (BER) is an essential pathway for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) survival. Attempts to target this repair pathway have failed due to lack of …             Efficient Test and Visualization of Multi-Set Intersections ▶     Minghui Wang, Yongzhong Zhao, Bin Zhang     Identification of sets of objects with shared features is a common operation in all disciplines. Analysis of intersections among multiple sets is fundamental for in-depth …             Impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis RD1-locus on human primary dendritic cell immune functions ▶     Marilena P. Etna, Elena Giacomini, Manuela Pardini et al.     Modern strategies to develop vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) aim to improve the current Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine or to attenuate the virulence of …             A prospective case-control study to investigate retinal microvascular changes in acute dengue infection ▶     Petrina Tan, David C. Lye, Tun Kuan Yeo et al.     Dengue infection can affect the microcirculation by direct viral infection or activation of inflammation. We aimed to determine whether measured retinal vascular parameters were …             Three-dimensional direct cell patterning in collagen hydrogels with near-infrared femtosecond laser ▶     Kolin C. Hribar, Kyle Meggs, Justin Liu et al.     We report a methodology for three-dimensional (3D) cell patterning in a hydrogel in situ. Gold nanorods within a cell-encapsulating collagen hydrogel absorb a focused …             Development of a panel of DNA Aptamers with High Affinity for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma ▶     Carole Champanhac, I-Ting Teng, Sena Cansiz et al.     Pancreatic cancer costs nearly 40,000 lives in the U.S. each year and has one of the lowest survival rates among cancers. Effective treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma …             Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide prevents renal ischemia reperfusion injury via counteracting oxidative stress ▶     Dandan Zhong, Hongkai Wang, Ming Liu et al.     Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) scavenges oxygen free radicals that are a key factor in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia reperfusion injury (RIRI). The aim of …             Circulating HIV DNA Correlates With Neurocognitive Impairment in Older HIV-infected Adults on Suppressive ART ▶     Michelli Faria de Oliveira, Ben Murrel, Josué Pérez-Santiago et al.     Older HIV-infected adults have a higher risk of neurocognitive impairment, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the associations between …             Attenuation of Histone Methyltransferase KRYPTONITE-mediated transcriptional gene silencing by Geminivirus ▶     Yan-Wei Sun, Chuan-Sia Tee, Yong-Huan Ma et al.     Although histone H3K9 methylation has been intensively studied in animals and a model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, little is known about the evolution of the histone …             Bacterial diversity is strongly associated with historical penguin activity in an Antarctic lake sediment profile ▶     Renbin Zhu, Yu Shi, Dawei Ma et al.     Current penguin activity in Antarctica affects the geochemistry of sediments and their microbial communities; the effects of historical penguin activity are less well understood. …             Hydrogen sulfide-induced itch requires activation of Cav3.2 T-type calcium channel in mice ▶     Xue-Long Wang, Bin Tian, Ya Huang et al.     The contributions of gasotransmitters to itch sensation are largely unknown. In this study, we aimed to investigate the roles of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a ubiquitous …             Long range Trp-Trp interaction initiates the folding pathway of a pro-angiogenic β-hairpin peptide ▶     Donatella Diana, Lucia De Rosa, Maddalena Palmieri et al.     HPLW, a designed VEGF (Vascular Endothelium Growth Factor) receptor-binding peptide, assumes a well folded β-hairpin conformation in water and is able to induce angiogenesis in …             Effect of low-level mechanical vibration on osteogenesis and osseointegration of porous titanium implants in the repair of long bone defects ▶     Da Jing, Shichao Tong, Mingming Zhai et al.     Emerging evidence substantiates the potential of porous titanium alloy (pTi) as an ideal bone-graft substitute because of its excellent biocompatibility and structural …             Exploring the Effects on Lipid Bilayer Induced by Noble Gases via Molecular Dynamics Simulations ▶     Junlang Chen, Liang Chen, Yu Wang et al.     Noble gases seem to have no significant effect on the anesthetic targets due to their simple, spherical shape. However, xenon has strong narcotic efficacy and can be used …             Female genetic distribution bias in mitochondrial genome observed in Parkinson’s Disease patients in northern China ▶     Qiaohong Chu, Xiaoguang Luo, Xiaoni Zhan et al.     Genetic polymorphisms associated with susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease (PD) have been described in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). To explore the potential contribution of mtDNA …             Increased cytotoxicity and streptolysin O activity in group G streptococcal strains causing invasive tissue infections ▶     Nikolai Siemens, Bård R. Kittang, Bhavya Chakrakodi et al.     Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) has emerged as an important cause of severe skin and soft tissue infections, but little is known of the pathogenic mechanisms …             Drowning is an apparent and unexpected recurrent cause of mass mortality of Common starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) ▶     Becki Lawson, J. Paul Duff, Katie M. Beckmann et al.     Drowning is infrequently reported as a cause of death of wild birds and such incidents typically involve individual, rather than multiple, birds. Over a 21-year period (1993 to …             ORMDL3 contributes to the risk of atherosclerosis in Chinese Han population and mediates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced autophagy in endothelial cells ▶     Xiaochun Ma, Rongfang Qiu, Jie Dang et al.     ORMDL sphingolipid biosynthesis regulator 3 (ORMDL3) is a universally confirmed susceptibility gene for asthma and has recently emerged as a crucial modulator in lipid …             Shearing of the CENP-A dimerization interface mediates plasticity in the octameric centromeric nucleosome ▶     David Winogradoff, Haiqing Zhao, Yamini Dalal et al.     The centromeric nucleosome is a key epigenetic determinant of centromere identity and function. Consequently, deciphering how CENP-A containing nucleosomes contribute …             Revisiting the role of phospholipases C in virulence and the lifecycle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis ▶     Fabien Le Chevalier, Alessandro Cascioferro, Wafa Frigui et al.     Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the agent of human tuberculosis has developed different virulence mechanisms and virulence-associated tools during its evolution to survive and …             An accessory wall teichoic acid glycosyltransferase protects Staphylococcus aureus from the lytic activity of Podoviridae ▶     Xuehua Li, David Gerlach, Xin Du et al.     Many Staphylococcus aureus have lost a major genetic barrier against phage infection, termed clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR/cas). Hence, S. aureus …             Global Prioritization of Disease Candidate Metabolites Based on a Multi-omics Composite Network ▶     Qianlan Yao, Yanjun Xu, Haixiu Yang et al.     The identification of disease-related metabolites is important for a better understanding of metabolite pathological processes in order to improve human medicine. Metabolites, …             Systematic analysis of hematopoietic gene expression profiles for prognostic prediction in acute myeloid leukemia ▶     Frederick S. Varn, Erik H. Andrews, Chao Cheng     Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematopoietic disorder initiated by the leukemogenic transformation of myeloid cells into leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Preexisting gene …             Nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2-associated molecular signature predicts lung cancer survival ▶     Zhongqing Qian, Tong Zhou, Christopher I. Gurguis et al.     Nuclear factor, erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2), a transcription factor also known as NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is a key cytoprotective gene that regulates critical antioxidant …             Characterization of stem/progenitor cell cycle using murine circumvallate papilla taste bud organoid ▶     Eitaro Aihara, Maxime M. Mahe, Michael A. Schumacher et al.     Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5-expressing (Lgr5+) cells have been identified as stem/progenitor cells in the circumvallate papillae, and single …             Spatial working memory is enhanced in children by differential outcomes ▶     Laura Esteban, Ana B. Vivas, Luis J. Fuentes et al.     Working memory (WM) is essential to academic achievement. Any enhancement of WM abilities may improve children’s school performance. We tested the usefulness of the differential …             A new live-cell reporter strategy to simultaneously monitor mitochondrial biogenesis and morphology ▶     Linn Iren Hodneland Nilsson, Ina Katrine Nitschke Pettersen, Julie Nikolaisen et al.     Changes in mitochondrial amount and shape are intimately linked to maintenance of cell homeostasis via adaptation of vital functions. Here, we developed a new live-cell reporter …             Chikungunya nsP2 protease is not a papain-like cysteine protease and the catalytic dyad cysteine is interchangeable with a proximal serine ▶     Chonticha Saisawang, Sawanan Saitornuang, Pornpan Sillapee et al.     Chikungunya virus is the pathogenic alphavirus that causes chikungunya fever in humans. In the last decade millions of cases have been reported around the world from Africa to …             Born small, die young: Intrinsic, size-selective mortality in marine larval fish ▶     S. Garrido, R. Ben-Hamadou, A.M.P. Santos et al.     Mortality during the early stages is a major cause of the natural variations in the size and recruitment strength of marine fish populations. In this study, the relation between …             Small Sample Sizes Yield Biased Allometric Equations in Temperate Forests ▶     L. Duncanson, O. Rourke, R. Dubayah     Accurate quantification of forest carbon stocks is required for constraining the global carbon cycle and its impacts on climate. The accuracies of forest biomass maps are …             A model for chromosome organization during the cell cycle in live E. coli ▶     Yuru Liu, Ping Xie, Pengye Wang et al.     Bacterial chromosomal DNA is a highly compact nucleoid. The organization of this nucleoid is poorly understood due to limitations in the methods used to monitor the complexities …             Buckling of Microtubules on a 2D Elastic Medium ▶     Arif Md. Rashedul Kabir, Daisuke Inoue, Tanjina Afrin et al.     We have demonstrated compression stress induced mechanical deformation of microtubules (MTs) on a two-dimensional elastic medium and investigated the role of compression strain, …             Structure of the Human Factor VIII C2 Domain in Complex with the 3E6 Inhibitory Antibody ▶     Michelle E. Wuerth, Rebecca K. Cragerud, P. Clint Spiegel     Blood coagulation factor VIII is a glycoprotein cofactor that is essential for the intrinsic pathway of the blood coagulation cascade. Inhibitory antibodies arise either …             p53 dynamics upon response element recognition explored by molecular simulations ▶     Tsuyoshi Terakawa, Shoji Takada     p53 is a representative transcription factor that activates multiple target genes. To realize stimulus-dependent specificities, p53 has to recognize targets with structural …             Transgenic mouse model for imaging of interleukin-1β-related inflammation in vivo ▶     Takao Iwawaki, Ryoko Akai, Daisuke Oikawa et al.     Inflammation is a biological response associated with symptoms of various diseases, and its study is important in gaining an understanding of the pathological conditions of such …             Conversion of a light-driven proton pump into a light-gated ion channel ▶     A. Vogt, Y. Guo, S. P. Tsunoda et al.     Interest in microbial rhodopsins with ion pumping activity has been revitalized in the context of optogenetics, where light-driven ion pumps are used for cell hyperpolarization …             Shape recognition: convexities, concavities and things in between ▶     Gunnar Schmidtmann, Ben J. Jennings, Frederick A. A. Kingdom     Visual objects are effortlessly recognized from their outlines, largely irrespective of viewpoint. Previous studies have drawn different conclusions regarding the importance to …             Processing of frequency and location in human subcortical auditory structures ▶     Michelle Moerel, Federico De Martino, Kâmil Uğurbil et al.     To date it remains largely unknown how fundamental aspects of natural sounds, such as their spectral content and location in space, are processed in human subcortical structures. …             Local false discovery rate estimation using feature reliability in LC/MS metabolomics data ▶     Elizabeth Y. Chong, Yijian Huang, Hao Wu et al.     False discovery rate (FDR) control is an important tool of statistical inference in feature selection. In mass spectrometry-based metabolomics data, features can be measured at …             An Autogenously Regulated Expression System for Gene Therapeutic Ocular Applications ▶     Matthew A. Sochor, Vidyullatha Vasireddy, Theodore G. Drivas et al.     The future of treating inherited and acquired genetic diseases will be defined by our ability to introduce transgenes into cells and restore normal physiology. Here we describe …             Evolution of public cooperation in a monitored society with implicated punishment and within-group enforcement ▶     Xiaojie Chen, Tatsuya Sasaki, Matjaž Perc     Monitoring with implicated punishment is common in human societies to avert freeriding on common goods. But is it effective in promoting public cooperation? We show that the …             Defining habitat covariates in camera-trap based occupancy studies ▶     Jürgen Niedballa, Rahel Sollmann, Azlan bin Mohamed et al.     In species-habitat association studies, both the type and spatial scale of habitat covariates need to match the ecology of the focal species. We assessed the potential of …             Three-dimensional Reconstruction of Peripheral Nerve Internal Fascicular Groups ▶     Yingchun Zhong, Liping Wang, Jianghui Dong et al.     Peripheral nerves are important pathways for receiving afferent sensory impulses and sending out efferent motor instructions, as carried out by sensory nerve fibers and motor …             Modeling gene flow distribution within conventional fields and development of a simplified sampling method to quantify adventitious GM contents in maize ▶     Enric Melé, Anna Nadal, Joaquima Messeguer et al.     Genetically modified (GM) crops have been commercially grown for two decades. GM maize is one of 3 species with the highest acreage and specific events. Many countries …             Composition and Interactions of Hepatitis B Virus Quasispecies Defined the Virological Response During Telbivudine Therapy ▶     Bin Zhou, Hui Dong, Yungang He et al.     Reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations contribute to hepatitis B virus resistance during antiviral therapy with nucleos(t)ide analogs. However, the composition of the RT …             Amelanism in the corn snake is associated with the insertion of an LTR-retrotransposon in the OCA2 gene ▶     Suzanne V. Saenko, Sangeet Lamichhaney, Alvaro Martinez Barrio et al.     The corn snake (Pantherophis guttatus) is a new model species particularly appropriate for investigating the processes generating colours in reptiles because numerous colour and …             True navigation in migrating gulls requires intact olfactory nerves ▶     Martin Wikelski, Elena Arriero, Anna Gagliardo et al.     During migratory journeys, birds may become displaced from their normal migratory route. Experimental evidence has shown that adult birds can correct for such displacements and …             RNA-based, transient modulation of gene expression in human haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells ▶     Yvonne Diener, Marion Jurk, Britta Kandil et al.     Modulation of gene expression is a useful tool to study the biology of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and might also be instrumental to expand these cells for …             Sulphur Atoms from Methionines Interacting with Aromatic Residues Are Less Prone to Oxidation ▶     Juan C. Aledo, Francisco R. Cantón, Francisco J. Veredas     Methionine residues exhibit different degrees of susceptibility to oxidation. Although solvent accessibility is a relevant factor, oxidation at particular sites cannot be …             First Structural View of a Peptide Interacting with the Nucleotide Binding Domain of Heat Shock Protein 90 ▶     Swetha Raman, Meetali Singh, Utpal Tatu et al.     The involvement of Hsp90 in progression of diseases like cancer, neurological disorders and several pathogen related conditions is well established. Hsp90, therefore, has emerged …             Site Specific Genetic Incorporation of Azidophenylalanine in Schizosaccharomyces pombe ▶     Nan Shao, N. Sadananda Singh, Susan E. Slade et al.     The diversity of protein functions is impacted in significant part by the chemical properties of the twenty amino acids, which are used as building blocks for nearly all …             Structures of the CDK12/CycK complex with AMP-PNP reveal a flexible C-terminal kinase extension important for ATP binding ▶     Sarah E. Dixon-Clarke, Jonathan M. Elkins, S.-W. Grace Cheng et al.     Cyclin-dependent kinase 12 (CDK12) promotes transcriptional elongation by phosphorylation of the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain (CTD). Structure-function studies show that …             Loss of Polo ameliorates APP-induced Alzheimer’s disease-like symptoms in Drosophila ▶     Fei Peng, Yu Zhao, Xirui Huang et al.     The amyloid precursor protein (APP) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Despite extensive studies, little is known about the regulation of APP’s …             M233I Mutation in the β-Tubulin of Botrytis cinerea Confers Resistance to Zoxamide ▶     Meng Cai, Dong Lin, Lei Chen et al.     Three phenotypes were detected in 161 Botrytis cinerea field isolates, including ZoxSCarS (sensitive to zoxamide and carbendazim), ZoxSCarR (sensitive to zoxamide and resistant …             Stimulation of autophagy promotes functional recovery in diabetic rats with spinal cord injury ▶     Kai-liang Zhou, Yi-fei Zhou, Kai Wu et al.     In this study we examined the relationship between autophagy and apoptosis in diabetic rats after spinal cord injury (SCI), also we determined the role of autophagy in …             Simonsenia aveniformis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyceae), molecular phylogeny and systematics of the genus, and a new type of canal raphe system ▶     Andrzej Witkowski, Ana Gomes, David G. Mann et al.     The genus Simonsenia is reviewed and S. aveniformis described as new for science by light and electron microscopy. The new species originated from estuarine environments in …             Classification of Parkinson’s Disease Genotypes in Drosophila Using Spatiotemporal Profiling of Vision ▶     Ryan J.H. West, Christopher J.H. Elliott, Alex R. Wade     Electrophysiological studies indicate altered contrast processing in some Parkinson’s Disease (PD) patients. We recently demonstrated that vision is altered in Drosophila PD …             Identification of novel autophagic Radix Polygalae fraction by cell membrane chromatography and UHPLC-(Q)TOF-MS for degradation of neurodegenerative disease proteins ▶     An-Guo Wu, Vincent Kam-Wai Wong, Wu Zeng et al.     With its traditional use in relieving insomnia and anxiety, our previous study has identified onjisaponin B from Radix Polygalae (RP), as a novel autophagic enhancer with …             PRL-3 activates mTORC1 in Cancer Progression ▶     Zu Ye, Abdul Qader Omer Al-aidaroos, Jung Eun Park et al.     PRL-3, a metastasis-associated phosphatase, is known to exert its oncogenic functions through activation of PI3K/Akt, which is a key regulator of the rapamycin-sensitive mTOR …             Diversification and evolution of the SDG gene family in Brassica rapa after the whole genome triplication ▶     Heng Dong, Dandan Liu, Tianyu Han et al.     Histone lysine methylation, controlled by the SET Domain Group (SDG) gene family, is part of the histone code that regulates chromatin function and epigenetic control of gene …             Vibration mechanosignals superimposed to resistive exercise result in baseline skeletal muscle transcriptome profiles following chronic disuse in bed rest ▶     Michele Salanova, Guido Gambara, Manuela Moriggi et al.     Disuse-induced muscle atrophy is a major concern in aging, in neuromuscular diseases, post-traumatic injury and in microgravity life sciences affecting health and fitness also of …             MAE4, an eLtaS monoclonal antibody, blocks Staphylococcus aureus virulence ▶     Yu Liu, Jiannan Feng, Qiang Lu et al.     Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infectious diseases. Treatment of these infections has become increasingly difficult due to the widespread emergence of …             The role, mechanism and potentially novel biomarker of microRNA-17-92 cluster in macrosomia ▶     Jing Li, Liping Chen, Qiuqin Tang et al.     Macrosomia is one of the most common perinatal complications of pregnancy and has life-long health implications for the infant. microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified to …             Live detection and purification of cells based on the expression of a histone chaperone, HIRA, using a binding peptide ▶     K. J. Kochurani, Annie A. Suganya, Madhumathy G. Nair et al.     Flowcytometry is a reliable method for identification and purification of live cells from a heterogeneous population. Since permeabilized cells cannot be sorted live in a FACS …             Caenorhabditis elegans exhibit a coupling between the defecation motor program and directed locomotion ▶     Stanislav Nagy, Yung-Chi Huang, Mark J. Alkema et al.     Distinct motor programs can be coupled to refine the repertoire of behavior dynamics. However, mechanisms underlying such coupling are poorly understood. The defecation motor …             Mutations in the heat-shock protein A9 (HSPA9) gene cause the EVEN-PLUS syndrome of congenital malformations and skeletal dysplasia ▶     Beryl Royer-Bertrand, Silvia Castillo-Taucher, Rodrigo Moreno-Salinas et al.     We and others have reported mutations in LONP1, a gene coding for a mitochondrial chaperone and protease, as the cause of the human CODAS (cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular and …             Proline biosynthesis augments tumor cell growth and aerobic glycolysis: involvement of pyridine nucleotides ▶     Wei Liu, Chad N. Hancock, Joseph W. Fischer et al.     The metabolism of the nonessential amino acid proline contributes to tumor metabolic reprogramming. Previously we showed that MYC increases proline biosynthesis (PB) from …             Universal behavior of hydrogels confined to narrow capillaries ▶     Yang Li, Ozan S. Sarıyer, Arun Ramachandran et al.     Flow of soft matter objects through one-dimensional environments is important in industrial, biological and biomedical systems. Establishing the underlying principles of the …             Preterm gut microbiota and metabolome following discharge from intensive care ▶     Christopher J. Stewart, Tom Skeath, Andrew Nelson et al.     The development of the preterm gut microbiome is important for immediate and longer-term health following birth. We aimed to determine if modifications to the preterm gut on the …             Large-Scale Computational Screening Identifies First in Class Multitarget Inhibitor of EGFR Kinase and BRD4 ▶     Bryce K. Allen, Saurabh Mehta, Stewart W. J. Ember et al.     Inhibition of cancer-promoting kinases is an established therapeutic strategy for the treatment of many cancers, although resistance to kinase inhibitors is common. One way to …             Kill-painting of hypoxic tumours in charged particle therapy ▶     Walter Tinganelli, Marco Durante, Ryoichi Hirayama et al.     Solid tumours often present regions with severe oxygen deprivation (hypoxia), which are resistant to both chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Increased radiosensitivity as a function …             Source analysis of P3a and P3b components to investigate interaction of depression and anxiety in attentional systems ▶     Yuezhi Li, Wuyi Wang, Tiebang Liu et al.     This study examined the impact of depressive disorders, anxiety disorders and the comorbidity of these disorders on the regional electrophysiological features of brain activity. …             Targeted cellular ablation based on the morphology of malignant cells ▶     Jill W. Ivey, Eduardo L. Latouche, Michael B. Sano et al.     Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is especially challenging due to a shortage of methods to preferentially target diffuse infiltrative cells, and therapy-resistant …                 This special issue, the last of our 10th anniversary volume, presents a collection of articles focused on "Frontiers in chemical biology" and identifies some of the emerging scientific areas that will engage chemical biologists in the coming years. 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