Nature Geoscience contents: May 2016 Volume 9 Number 5 pp337-407

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Advertisement Free naturejobs webcast From bench to business: Top tips from experts and entrepreneurs on how to take your research all the way from idea to product. You'll also learn how to find the right funding and how to create the perfect pitch to get your research off the ground. Wednesday May 25th, 2016 at 8AM PST, 11AM EST, 4PM BST & 5PM CEST  Register for the webcast and the live Q&A session Produced with support from: Novo Nordisk   TABLE OF CONTENTS May 2016 Volume 9, Issue 5 Editorial Correspondence Commentary News and Views Letters Articles Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Director, Institute for International Crop Improvement The mission of the Danforth Center is to improve the human condition through plant science. The Director of the Institute for International Crop Improvement (IICI) at the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center is responsible for developing, coordinating, and directing the Center's efforts to improve agriculture and food security in developing regions of the world.  Apply Now or Learn More Here    Advertisement All content now free to access including archives! Nature Communications is an open access journal that publishes high-quality research from all areas of the natural sciences. Papers published by the journal represent important advances of significance to specialists within each subject area including the Earth Sciences. Visit the website to explore ALL the content available within your field.   Advertisement The Naturejobs Career Expo is coming back to Boston! May 18, 2016 This career fair offers young, talented researchers an excellent opportunity to meet a diverse selection of national and international employers from academic institutions and scientific industries, such as pharmaceutical organisations, digital technology companies, science publishing and more. Register for FREE today!   Editorial Top Gender asymmetry   p337 doi:10.1038/ngeo2712 Investigations of sexual harassment are difficult and potentially destructive to all involved. It is imperative that they are carried out quickly, with high priority and acted upon decisively where misconduct is identified. Correspondence Top Unclear causes for subduction   p338 Timothy E. Keenan & John Encarnación doi:10.1038/ngeo2703 See also: Correspondence by Arculus et al. | Article by Arculus et al. Reply to 'Unclear causes for subduction'   pp338 - 339 Richard J. Arculus, Osamu Ishizuka, Kara A. Bogus, Michael Gurnis, Rosemary Hickey-Vargas et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2704 See also: Correspondence by Keenan & Encarnación | Article by Arculus et al. Commentary Top An actionable climate target   pp340 - 342 Oliver Geden doi:10.1038/ngeo2699 The Paris Agreement introduced three mitigation targets. In the future, the main focus should not be on temperature targets such as 2 or 1.5 °C, but on the target with the greatest potential to effectively guide policy: net zero emissions. News and Views Top Biogeochemistry: The fate of phosphorus   pp343 - 344 Julien Némery & Josette Garnier doi:10.1038/ngeo2702 Phosphorus is essential for food production, but it is also a key cause of eutrophication. Estimates of phosphorus flux for the past 40–70 years reveal that large river basins can experience phases of phosphorus accumulation and depletion. See also: Letter by Powers et al. Natural hazards: Cracking cliffs feel the heat   pp344 - 345 Valentin S. Gischig doi:10.1038/ngeo2698 Rockfall often seems to occur spontaneously without an obvious cause. Monitoring of a granitic cliff reveals that cyclical temperature variations can subtly act to slowly and incrementally damage hard rock until failure is inevitable. See also: Article by Collins & Stock Atmospheric methane: Shifting sources   p346 Alicia Newton doi:10.1038/ngeo2710 Earthquakes: Megathrusts and mountain building   pp346 - 348 Rich Briggs doi:10.1038/ngeo2697 Coastlines above subduction zones slowly emerge from the sea despite repeated drowning by great, shallow earthquakes. Analysis of the Chilean coast suggests that moderate-to-large, deeper earthquakes may be responsible for the net uplift. See also: Article by Melnick Geoscience JOBS of the week Presidential Chair for Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) at the University of California, San Diego PhD on modeling deep biosphere-geosphere interactions University of Bergen Faculty Positions in Environmental Science and Engineering South University of Science and Technology of China (SUSTC) More Science jobs from Geoscience EVENT 30 Years of Nonlinear Dynamics in Geosciences 03.07.16 Rhodes, Greece More science events from Letters Top Large increases in Arctic biogenic volatile emissions are a direct effect of warming   pp349 - 352 Magnus Kramshøj, Ida Vedel-Petersen, Michelle Schollert, Åsmund Rinnan, Josephine Nymand et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2692 Volatile organic compounds can affect air quality and climate. Experimental warming of vegetated tundra plots in Greenland increased biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from vegetation and soils by 260%, as a direct effect. Long-term accumulation and transport of anthropogenic phosphorus in three river basins   pp353 - 356 Stephen M. Powers, Thomas W. Bruulsema, Tim P. Burt, Neng Iong Chan, James J. Elser et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2693 Phosphorus fertilizer use has roughly quadrupled in the past century. Budgets constructed from historical data show that phosphorus rapidly accumulates in river basins during periods of high inputs and continues to mobilize after inputs decline. See also: News and Views by Némery & Garnier Importance and controls of anaerobic ammonium oxidation influenced by riverbed geology   pp357 - 360 K. Lansdown, B. A. McKew, C. Whitby, C. M. Heppell, A. J. Dumbrell et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2684 Anammox, an important N2 loss pathway in marine waters, is not well understood in rivers. In situ measurements of N2 production in UK rivers reveal that anammox can be the dominant N2 loss pathway in permeable but not in impermeable riverbeds. Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon   pp361 - 365 Igor Semiletov, Irina Pipko, Örjan Gustafsson, Leif G. Anderson, Valentin Sergienko et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2695 Uptake of atmospheric CO2 contributes to ocean acidification. Measurements of seawater chemistry reveal that the extreme acidity of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf is driven by terrestrial organic matter and freshwater inputs. Melting at the base of the Greenland ice sheet explained by Iceland hotspot history   pp366 - 369 Irina Rogozhina, Alexey G. Petrunin, Alan P. M. Vaughan, Bernhard Steinberger, Jesse V. Johnson et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2689 Basal melting is widespread in the north-central Greenland ice sheet. Geophysical data and numerical modelling suggest a geothermal anomaly in this region resulting from the earlier passage of Greenland over the Iceland mantle plume. Regulation of ice stream flow through subglacial formation of gas hydrates   pp370 - 374 Monica Winsborrow, Karin Andreassen, Alun Hubbard, Andreia Plaza-Faverola, Eythor Gudlaugsson et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2696 Localized subglacial zones of high traction help to regulate ice sheet flow. Geophysical data from a palaeo-ice-stream suggest that methane gas accumulation and hydrate formation beneath ice sheets can produce such high-traction sticky spots. Incursions of southern-sourced water into the deep North Atlantic during late Pliocene glacial intensification   pp375 - 379 David C. Lang, Ian Bailey, Paul A. Wilson, Thomas B. Chalk, Gavin L. Foster et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2688 Northern Hemisphere ice sheets expanded 2.7 million years ago. Sediment geochemistry suggests that at this time, the North Atlantic began to experience incursions of southern-sourced water during glacials, similar to the last glacial period. Potential slab deformation and plunge prior to the Tohoku, Iquique and Maule earthquakes   pp380 - 383 Michel Bouchon, David Marsan, Virginie Durand, Michel Campillo, Hugo Perfettini et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2701 Megathrust earthquakes rupture the shallow plate boundary in subduction zones. Analysis of seismic activity preceding megathrust quakes in Japan and Chile reveals deep seismicity that may mark plunging of the slabs prior to main fault rupture. Fault-controlled hydration of the upper mantle during continental rifting   pp384 - 388 G. Bayrakci, T. A. Minshull, D. S. Sawyer, T. J. Reston, D. Klaeschen et al. doi:10.1038/ngeo2671 The mechanisms for mantle hydration are unclear. Seismic images offshore from Spain reveal a correlation between the amount of seawater-altered rocks and the extent of fault slip, suggesting that faults control water flux into the Earth. Articles Top Long-lead predictions of eastern United States hot days from Pacific sea surface temperatures   pp389 - 394 K. A. McKinnon, A. Rhines, M. P. Tingley and P. Huybers doi:10.1038/ngeo2687 Extreme summer temperatures are difficult to forecast. A statistical analysis reveals a pattern of Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies that provides skilful predictions of hot weather in the eastern US. Rockfall triggering by cyclic thermal stressing of exfoliation fractures   pp395 - 400 Brian D. Collins & Greg M. Stock doi:10.1038/ngeo2686 Some rockfalls occur without obvious triggers such as seismicity or freeze-thaw conditions. Temperature and deformation patterns on a granite cliff suggest that cyclical thermal forcing can progressively open fractures and trigger rockfalls. See also: News and Views by Gischig Rise of the central Andean coast by earthquakes straddling the Moho   pp401 - 407 Daniel Melnick doi:10.1038/ngeo2683 Coastlines above subduction zones often uplift over geological timescales. Analysis of landscape evolution and seismicity at the central Andean margin suggests that earthquakes on the deep plate interface help build up coastal topography. See also: News and Views by Briggs Top Advertisement npj Pollution Control is a new open access journal that is now open for submissions. The journal is dedicated to publish original and high quality research results in the broad area of environmental science and engineering as it relates to the prevention, control, monitoring and mitigation of environmental pollution. Sign up for e-alerts   Natureevents is a fully searchable, multi-disciplinary database designed to maximise exposure for events organisers. The contents of the Natureevents Directory are now live. 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