Nature Neuroscience Contents: August 2016 Volume 19 Number 8, pp 981 - 1115

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Advertisement Nature Outlook: Pain Nature Outlook: Pain presents the latest research into the causes of, and treatments for, chronic and neuropathic pain, allowing you to stay up to date on the biggest developments within the field of pain.  Access the Outlook free online for six months. Produced with support from ESTEVE, Mundipharma International Limited and Mundipharma Research GmbH & Co. KG   TABLE OF CONTENTS August 2016 Volume 19, Issue 8 News and Views Perspective Brief Communications Articles Resources Corrigenda Addendum Subscribe   Facebook   RSS   Recommend to library   Twitter   Advertisement Working at Roche in Switzerland We're looking for committed scientists who share our passion to make a difference for millions of patients. Learn more   Advertisement Nature Medicine and the Volkswagen Foundation present:  GENOME EDITING FOR GENE AND CELL THERAPY, A HERRENHAUSEN SYMPOSIUM November 3-4, 2016 | Herrenhausen Palace Conference Center, Hanover, Germany REGISTER NOW!   Advertisement NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF EMOTION Presented by: Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, CAS | McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT | Nature Neuroscience November 2-4, 2016 | Shenzhen, China REGISTER NOW!   News and Views Top Crash course in pallidus-habenula signaling   pp981 - 983 Masago Ishikawa and Paul J Kenny doi:10.1038/nn.4349 During cocaine withdrawal, a shift in the balance between excitatory and inhibitory inputs from globus pallidus to lateral habenula may activate habenula and contribute to the aversive 'crash' state. Treatment synergy in axon regeneration   pp983 - 984 Jacek Krol and Botond Roska doi:10.1038/nn.4344 Injured mouse retinal ganglion cells, upon a combination of treatments, can regrow their axons along the entire optic pathway and re-establish connections with their correct brain targets. This can partially restore function. See also: Article by Lim et al. More than meets the eye   pp984 - 986 Jessica A Cardin doi:10.1038/nn.4341 Orientation selectivity in visual cortex is not simply the result of linear input summation. Instead, selectivity is enhanced by nonlinear dendritic transformation of spatially clustered, cotuned synaptic inputs. See also: Article by Wilson et al. Perspective Top A polarizing question: do M1 and M2 microglia exist?   pp987 - 991 Richard M Ransohoff doi:10.1038/nn.4338 In the twenty-first century, microglia came of age. Their remarkable ontogeny, unique functions and gene expression profile, process motility, and disease relevance have all been highlighted. Neuroscientists interested in microglia encounter an obsolete concept, M1/M2 polarization, suggesting experimental strategies that produce neither conceptual nor technical advances. Ransohoff's Perspective argues against applying this flawed paradigm. Neuroscience JOBS of the week Residency / PhD training program in the field of psychiatrie and neuroscience IMPRS-Translation Psychiatry Postdoctoral Positions Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Director, Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center Arizona State University Postdoctoral Fellowship New York University Associate and Full Professors University of Virginia More Science jobs from Neuroscience EVENT 4th Biennial New Zealand Applied Neurosciences Conference (NZANC) in Auckland 24.11.2016 Auckland, New Zeland More science events from Brief Communications Top Bidirectional prefrontal-hippocampal interactions support context-guided memory   pp992 - 994 Ryan Place, Anja Farovik, Marco Brockmann and Howard Eichenbaum doi:10.1038/nn.4327 Prefrontal-hippocampal communication has been implicated in memory, but the temporal dynamics of information flow are not fully understood. In this study, the authors demonstrate that information flows between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in different directions depending on the behavioral phase of a spatial-context-guided object discrimination task. Age-related myelin degradation burdens the clearance function of microglia during aging   pp995 - 998 Shima Safaiyan, Nirmal Kannaiyan, Nicolas Snaidero, Simone Brioschi, Knut Biber et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4325 Safaiyan et al. demonstrate that myelin fragments progressively pinch off from aged myelin sheaths and are taken up and cleared by microglia. Age-associated myelin breakdown is substantial and saturates the degradative capacities of microglia, leading to lysosomal storage and an immune activation in microglia with time. Glucose-responsive neurons of the paraventricular thalamus control sucrose-seeking behavior   pp999 - 1002 Gwenaël Labouèbe, Benjamin Boutrel, David Tarussio and Bernard Thorens doi:10.1038/nn.4331 Feeding is controlled by hedonic cues that may override the homeostatic needs to eat, causing obesity. Labouèbe et al. have identified hypoglycemia-activated neurons in the paraventricular thalamus that increase motivated sucrose-seeking behavior. As their activity is not suppressed by fructose or sweeteners, these cells may contribute to sugar overconsumption and diabetes. Advertisement Celebrating 10,000 articles published On the 20th April 2016, Nature Communications celebrated publishing its 10,000 article. To celebrate this milestone our editors have selected a sample of articles from each subject area published in the last five years. Access the highlights here and sign up for free article e-alerts to stay up-to-date on all the latest content as it is published.   Articles Top Orientation selectivity and the functional clustering of synaptic inputs in primary visual cortex   pp1003 - 1009 Daniel E Wilson, David E Whitney, Benjamin Scholl and David Fitzpatrick doi:10.1038/nn.4323 In this study, Wilson et al. find that dendritic spines on neurons in the visual cortex cluster according to orientation preference. The degree of clustering on single neurons strongly predicts somatic orientation selectivity and the prevalence of local dendritic signals in the dendritic field, suggesting a role for dendritic computation in shaping orientation selectivity. See also: News and Views by Cardin Lrp4 in astrocytes modulates glutamatergic transmission   pp1010 - 1018 Xiang-Dong Sun, Lei Li, Fang Liu, Zhi-Hui Huang, Jonathan C Bean et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4326 Neurotransmission is regulated by glial cells; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Sun and colleagues provide evidence that Lrp4 in astrocytes facilitates glutamatergic transmission by controlling ATP release. Their results provide insight into the interaction between neurons and astrocytes for synaptic homeostasis and/or plasticity. Shifted pallidal co-release of GABA and glutamate in habenula drives cocaine withdrawal and relapse   pp1019 - 1024 Frank J Meye, Mariano Soiza-Reilly, Tamar Smit, Marco A Diana, Martin K Schwarz et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4334 The vesicular transporter VGAT controls GABA vesicle filling at inhibitory terminals. Here Meye et al. show that cocaine withdrawal reduces VGAT at synapses from pallidum to lateral habenula, thereby decreasing inhibitory transmission. This GABAergic synaptic plasticity is crucial for behaviors modeling cocaine-evoked aversive states and stress-induced relapse. Segregated cholinergic transmission modulates dopamine neurons integrated in distinct functional circuits   pp1025 - 1033 Daniel Dautan, Albert S Souza, Icnelia Huerta-Ocampo, Miguel Valencia, Maxime Assous et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4335 The authors show how dopamine neurons operate in the context of cholinergic transmission and find that the afferents originating from two functionally distinct (motor and limbic) cholinergic nuclei of the brainstem selectively modulate subsets of neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Multilaminar networks of cortical neurons integrate common inputs from sensory thalamus   pp1034 - 1040 Nicolas A Morgenstern, Jacques Bourg and Leopoldo Petreanu doi:10.1038/nn.4339 The authors mapped thalamocortical connectivity in local networks of excitatory neurons in mouse visual cortex. They found that interconnected neurons in layer 4 and translaminar pairs of connected L4-L2/3 neurons receive common inputs from the thalamus. A fast pathway for fear in human amygdala   pp1041 - 1049 Constantino Méndez-Bértolo, Stephan Moratti, Rafael Toledano, Fernando Lopez-Sosa, Roberto Martinez-Alvarez et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4324 Human intracranial amygdala recordings reveal fast-latency responses to broad and low, but not high, spatial frequency components of fearful, but not happy or neutral, faces, which are not observed with unpleasant scenes. Amygdala fearful face responses are faster than in fusiform cortex, supporting a phylogenetically old, subcortical pathway to human amygdala. Zeb2 is essential for Schwann cell differentiation, myelination and nerve repair   pp1050 - 1059 Susanne Quintes, Bastian G Brinkmann, Madlen Ebert, Franziska Frob, Theresa Kungl et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4321 By studying a severe neuropathy in mice, Quintes, Brinkmann et al. demonstrate that the nuclear zinc-finger protein Zeb2 (Sip1) is essential for Schwann cell differentiation and myelin synthesis. Since Zeb2-deficient Schwann cells continuously express repressors of lineage progression, 'inhibiting the inhibitors' emerges as a new principle of peripheral myelination control. Zeb2 recruits HDAC-NuRD to inhibit Notch and controls Schwann cell differentiation and remyelination   pp1060 - 1072 Lai Man Natalie Wu, Jincheng Wang, Andrea Conidi, Chuntao Zhao, Haibo Wang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4322 This study shows that the transcriptional regulator Zeb2 is required for the onset of peripheral myelination and remyelination. Zeb2 recruits HDAC1-HDAC2-NuRD co-repressor complexes to antagonize inhibitory effectors including Notch, while activating promyelinogenic factors. A Mowat-Wilson syndrome-associated ZEB2 mutation disrupting HDAC-NuRD interaction abolishes Zeb2 activity for Schwann cell differentiation. Neural activity promotes long-distance, target-specific regeneration of adult retinal axons   pp1073 - 1084 Jung-Hwan A Lim, Benjamin K Stafford, Phong L Nguyen, Brian V Lien, Chen Wang et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4340 A combination of increased neural activity, induced by visual stimulation or using chemogenetics, and increasing mTOR signaling promotes retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration and partial recovery of visual behaviors after injury. See also: News and Views by Krol & Roska Neuronal activity enhances tau propagation and tau pathology in vivo   pp1085 - 1092 Jessica W Wu, S Abid Hussaini, Isle M Bastille, Gustavo A Rodriguez, Ana Mrejeru et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4328 The authors show that tau can be released by neurons and transferred to other neurons via the extracellular space. Moreover, they show that enhancing neuronal activity accelerates transneuronal tau propagation and exacerbates tau pathology. Advertisement Open for Submissions An interdisciplinary journal dedicated to publishing high-quality open research relevant to all aspects of schizophrenia and psychosis. Explore the benefits of submitting your next research article.   Resources Top Dynamic regulation of RNA editing in human brain development and disease   pp1093 - 1099 Taeyoung Hwang, Chul-Kee Park, Anthony K L Leung, Yuan Gao, Thomas M Hyde et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4337 RNA sequences are generally considered to be a mirror of DNA sequences. However, that dogma has become challenged as RNA editing is increasingly recognized. This study explored the global landscape of RNA editing in human brain development and revealed its dynamic aspects, providing insight into epitranscriptional regulation of sequence diversity. The mouse cortico-striatal projectome   pp1100 - 1114 Houri Hintiryan, Nicholas N Foster, Ian Bowman, Maxwell Bay, Monica Y Song et al. doi:10.1038/nn.4332 Hintiryan, Foster et al. present an online mouse cortico-striatal projectome describing projections from the entire cortex to dorsal striatum. Computational neuroanatomic analysis of these projections identified 29 distinct striatal domains. This connectomics approach was applied to characterize circuit-specific cortico-striatal connectopathies in a mouse model of Huntington disease and in monoamine oxidase (MAO) A/B knockout mice. Addendum Top Addendum: The schizophrenia risk gene product miR-137 alters presynaptic plasticity   p1115 Sandra Siegert, Jinsoo Seo, Ester J Kwon, Andrii Rudenko, Sukhee Cho et al. doi:10.1038/nn0816-1115c Corrigenda Top Corrigendum: A microRNA switch regulates the rise in hypothalamic GnRH production before puberty   p1115 Andrea Messina, Fanny Langlet, Konstantina Chachlaki, Juan Roa, Sowmyalakshmi Rasika et al. doi:10.1038/nn0816-1115a Corrigendum: Hedgehog signaling promotes basal progenitor expansion and the growth and folding of the neocortex   p1115 Lei Wang, Shirui Hou and Young-Goo Han doi:10.1038/nn0816-1115b Top Advertisement Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy is a new open access journal, which aims to accomplish timely publication of the latest discoveries and progress in both basic science and clinical research related to signal transduction and targeted therapy. 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