U.S. experts offer quake analysis

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U.S. experts offer quake analysis PITTSBURGH (UPI) -- The unusually strong 8.9-magnitude quake that shook Japan Friday strained Japan's civil and nuclear power infrastructure, U.S. researchers say. University of Pittsburgh seismologist Bill Harbert said Pitt's seismograph detected the 8.9-magnitude quake for 3 hours, a rare magnitude and duration, a Pitt release said Friday. Pitt's seismic station registered near-constant activity for the full 3 hours, he said. Kent Harries, a Pitt professor of civil and environmental engineering, said while much of Japan's infrastructure is among the most disaster-resistant in the world, earthquake- and tsunami-resistant construction calls for entirely different principles. For tsunamis, buildings need to be able to let water pass through -- such as beach houses on stilts -- while structures need a solid base to withstand an earthquake. Although Japan has done well incorporating both requirements, Harries said, "the tsunami clearly seems to be the dominant source of destruction." John Metzger, a Pitt professor of mechanical engineering and material science, said Japan's emergency procedures, modern reactor and plant designs, and lessons learned from Pennsylvania's Three Mile Island incident in 1979 mean Japanese reactors will likely remain stable. Modern reactors permit a lengthy amount of time to respond, and it appears Japanese engineers were able to institute safety measures in a reasonable amount of time, Metzger, a nuclear engineer, said. Copyright 2011 by United Press International
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U.S. military to address brain injuries WASHINGTON (UPI) -- The U.S. Defense Department says it is developing programs and initiatives to assist service members and veterans diagnosed with traumatic brain injuries. "The department is committed to fast-tracking promising research and to improving the diagnosis and treatment of TBI to benefit service members, veterans and their families," said Kathy Helmick, deputy director for TBI for the Defense Centers of Excellence for Psychological Health and Traumatic Brain Injury. More than 19,000 service members were diagnosed with a mild TBI, or concussion, last year, a Defense Department release reported Friday. Significant advancements in TBI management have been made during the last several years, Helmick said. "Navigating the clinical challenges providers face in the field is critical to ensuring that we're employing state-of-the-art care for all levels of TBI severity, from concussions to severe and penetrating brain injuries," she said. Following a TBI, people may experience attention issues, memory problems and issues with social, emotional and executive functioning such as planning and judgment, she said. "We've learned early diagnosis and treatment help to maximize the possibility that members will fully recover from a TBI and return to duty," Helmick said, noting that this applies to injuries suffered while deployed or at home. Copyright 2011 by United Press International
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Computer helps in aging faces for searches MONTREAL (UPI) -- A "face aging" computer program promises to help in missing-child investigations and matters of national security, Canadian researchers say. Khoa Luu, a graduate student at Concordia University in Montreal, says he has developed a more effective computer-based technique to age photographic images of people's faces, an advance that could help identify missing kids and criminals on the run, a university release reported Friday. "Research into computer-based age estimation and face aging is a relatively young field," says Luu, a Ph.D. candidate in the department of computer science. Most face-aged images are rendered by forensic artists who, although trained in the anatomy and geometry of faces, rely on art rather than science. As a result, predicted faces drawn by artists can differ widely, Luu said. "Our approach to computerized face aging relies on combining existing techniques," Luu said. "The human face changes in different ways at different stages of life. "During the growth and development stage, the physical structure of the face changes, becoming longer and wider; in the adult aging phase, the primary changes to the face are in soft tissue," he said. "Wrinkles and lines form, and muscles begin to lose their tone." Luu incorporated this information into the computer algorithm. Since there are two periods with fundamentally different aging mechanisms, Luu constructed two different "aging functions" for his project. "This combination dramatically improves the accuracy of age estimation," he said. Copyright 2011 by United Press International
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In-laws cited for advance in human society TEMPE, Ariz. (UPI) -- A family component often cited as a source of friction -- in-laws -- was responsible for pushing human groups from savannas to cities, a U.S. researcher says. Anthropologist Kim Hill of Arizona State University says among modern hunter-gatherers, monogamous sexual unions between men and women from neighboring groups created networks of in-laws that spawned widespread cooperation and cultural learning. Hill and his colleagues propose social groups organized in this way distinguish humans from other primates, ScienceNews.org reported Friday. "Alliances between foraging groups are facilitated because unrelated males all associate with the same female, who may be their daughter, sister, wife, mother or daughter-in-law," Hill said. "By friendly association with her, males begin to associate with each other." In contrast, he notes, female chimpanzees mate with many partners, and males in adjacent chimp groups try to kill each other on sight, making cooperation between communities impossible. A social system encouraging collaboration among genetically unrelated individuals originated approximately 2 million years ago as human ancestors began to hunt and gather foods that youngsters could not obtain for themselves, Hill hypothesizes. "Differences in social structures, not necessarily cognitive advances, allowed our species to cross the barrier to cumulative cultural evolution," anthropologist Joseph Henrich of the University of British Columbia says. Copyright 2011 by United Press International
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